PRESENTATION ON THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Shaan Shrestha Utshah Sharma Pranay shrestha Nikita Shrestha Saujanyata Raimajhi Sailina Tuladhar Ritu Tuladhar Naziya Ali

THINKING

Meaning:

Complex process and the most difficult concept in psychology to define or explain Thinking is an implicit problem-solving behavior- Mohinson

Thinking is a problem-solving process in which we use ideas or symbols in place of overt activities- Gilmer
Thinking refers to a pattern of behavior in which we make use of internal

Types of thinking:
1)

Perceptual or concrete thinking

2)

Conceptual or abstract thinking

Reflective thinking

3)

4)

Creative thinking
Non-directed or associative thinking

5)

1. Perceptual or concrete thinking :

Simplest form of thinking

Basis is perception
Named concrete thinking as it is carried over the perception of actual or concrete objects and events

2. Conceptual or abstract thinking:

Regarded as superior type of thinking as it economizes effort in understanding and problem-solving Doesnt require the perception of actual objects or events No use of concepts

Generalized ideas and language

3. Reflective thinking:

Regarded as higher form of thinking as:

aims at solving complex rather than simple problems requires re-organization and of all relevant experiences and finding new ways of reacting to a situation mental activity doesnt under go trial and error type of effort use of logic where all relevant facts are arranged

4. Creative thinking:

Primarily aimed at creating something new

Not bound by any pre-determined rules

Searches new relationships and associations to describe and interpret nature of things E.g. thinking of scientists or inventors

5. Non-directed or associative thinking:

Previously discussed thinking are directive thinking which retains to thinking and problem solving Non-directed thinking are without goals

Reflected through day dreaming, free association, fantasy, delusion and other uncontrolled activities

Convergent and Divergent Thinking

Convergent Thinking:

Oriented towards deriving the single best (or correct) answer to a clearly defined question

Emphasizes speed, accuracy, logic and the like

Is most effective in situations where a ready-made answer exists and needs simply to be recalled from stored information Simply, bringing facts and data together from various sources and then applying logic and knowledge to solve problems, achieve objectives or to make informed decisions is known as thinking convergently

Convergent and Divergent Thinking

Divergent thinking:

It is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions Typically occurs in a spontaneous Many possible solutions are explored in a short amount of time, and unexpected connections are drawn

After the process of divergent thinking has been completed, ideas and information are organized and structured using convergent thinking
Include creating lists of questions, setting aside time for thinking and meditation, brainstorming, subject mapping / bubble mapping, keeping a journal, creating artwork, and free writing

PROCESS OF CONCEPT FORMATION:

Abstraction Generalization Discrimination

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Abstraction:
A process by which higher concepts are derived from the usage and classification of literal ("real" or "concrete") concepts Abstract thinking singles out the rational, logical qualities Include exactly four mutually exclusive, opposing complementary psychological functions: sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking
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Generalization
The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli E.g. a dog conditioned to salivate to a tone of a particular pitch and loudness will also salivate with considerable regularity in response to tones of higher louder pitch

Predictable and orderly

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Discrimination
The ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli More advanced form of learning than generalization E.g. if a dogs salvation was to be conditioned to a red light paring it with food, while green light was irregularly presented always without food, the dog would salivate to red light but not to green
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Problem Solving
Problem solving is a mental process and is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as higherorder cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills Problem solving occurs when an organism or an artificial intelligence system needs to move from a given state to a desired goal state

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Problem Solving
Problems are faced as an usual event almost by everyone Individuals figure out number of ways to solve the problems

Problem solving has become a part in an individuals life

Problem solving also enhances the learning process
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Problem Solving Steps

Problem Awareness Problem Understanding Collection of the relevant information Formulation of hypothesis Selection of Proper Solution Verification of concluded solution

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Any Queries??
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Thank You

(Now Please CLAP)

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