Teaching of Mathematics in Form Two

TOPIC 1- OPERATIONS ON NUMBERS

Murugiah Velayutham

TOPIC 1 Concept of Integers

The basic idea of integers can be explained by using a horizontal number line or simply a number line.
Opposites

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Negative integers

Positive integers

Murugiah Velayutham

Definitions:
The number line goes on forever in both directions. This is indicated by the arrows. Whole numbers greater than zero are called positive integers. These numbers are to the right of zero on the number line. Whole number less than zero are called negative integers. These numbers are to the left of zero on the number line. The integer zero is neutral. It is neither positive nor negative. Two integers are opposites if they are each the same distance away from zero but on the opposite sides of the number line.
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Negative Numbers Please emphasize to your students that we will use negative numbers in lots of different situations. For examples: Reading a thermometer. Parking car at a basement. Bank statements.

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Reading a thermometer

Can you notice that the scales on the thermometers are different?
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Negative Numbers Buildings: Your students could have the experience of being in the lift of a building that goes underground.

What does the Symbol represents?

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Number Lines and Integers

Write an integer to represent each of the following situations: 10 degrees above zero a loss of 16 dollars a gain of 5 points 8 steps backward

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Comparing Values of Two Integers During the autumn when you wake up in the morning, the temperature could be 3oC. But by lunch time, it may go up to 10oC. What is the temperature increase?

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Comparing Values of Two Integers In the early afternoon the temperature is 15oC. But by early evening the temperature goes down to 12oC. What is the temperature decrease?

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Comparing Values of Two Integers During winter the temperature in the early morning could be -3oC. But by lunch time it goes up to 6oC. What is the temperature increase?

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Activity 1.1. Ask your students to answer each of the following question: 1. Write an integer to represent the following situations: (a) Earnings of 15 ringgit (b) A loss of 20 marks in a maths quiz. 2. What is the opposite of -231? 3. What is the opposite of +1096?
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CONCEPT OF INTEGERS 1. Addition and Subtraction ADDING:

In order to add by using the number line the students should start from the first number and move towards the right with the number of units as equal to the second number. Example 1: Calculate -3 +5

Answer: (-3)+(5) = -3 + 5 = (+2) = 2

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CONCEPT OF INTEGERS 1. Addition and Subtraction ADDING:

Example 2: Gopal owes his friend Ah Seng RM3. If he borrows another RM6, how much will he owe him altogether?

Answer: (-3)+(-6) = -9

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ADDITION GLOSSARY Example: 3 + 4 =___

Words/ Terminology Add Altogether Increase More Statements 3 add 4 is 7. Altogether, 3 and 4 make 7. If you increase 3 by 4 you get 7 is 3 more than 4.

Plus
Sum Total

3 plus 4 is 7.
The sum of 3 and 4 is 7. The total of 3 and 4 is 7.

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SUBTRACTING:
Mark the first number on the number line. Then move towards the left of it with the number of units as the second number given. Example 1: Calculate +2 -4

Answer: (+2)-(+4) = - 2
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SUBTRACTION GLOSSARY Example: 8 - 5 =___

Words/ Terminology Decrease Difference Fewer than Less than Statements If you decrease 8 by 5 you get 3. The difference between 8 and 5 is 3. 3 is 5 fewer than 8. 3 is 5 less than 8.

Minus
Reduce Subtract Take away

8 minus 5 is 3.
If you reduce 8 by 5 you get 3. 8 subtract 5 is 3. 8 take away 5 is 3.
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2. Multiplication and Division

(a) When we multiply two integers with the same or like signs, the result is always positive.
Positive x positive = positive (+) x (+) = (+) Negative x negative = positive (-) x (-) = (+)

(b) When we multiply two integers with different or unlike signs, the result is always negative.
Positive x negative = negative (+) x (-) = (-)

Negative x positive = negative (-) x (+) = (-)

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2. Multiplication and Division

(c) When we divide two integers with the same signs, the result is always positive.
Positive positive = positive (+) (+) = (+) Negative negative = positive (-) (-) = (+)

(d) When we divide two integers with different or unlike signs, the result is always negative.
Positive negative = negative (+) (-) = (-)

Negative positive = negative (-) (+) = (-)

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3. Combined or Mixed Operations

To perform any computation involving a combined or mixed operations, we introduced the BODMAS rule to the students. Bracket Power Of Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction

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3. Combined or Mixed Operations

Example 1:

Try to solve the following questions: (a) 7 (-6 +2) + (-5) = (b) - 12 (-6) (- 3) = (c) 3 x (-4) (-2) = (d) 10 (-6) x (-12) = (e) -6 + (8 (-2)) x 3 + 5 =

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Fractions and Decimals

1. Positive and Negative Fractions
Representation of Fractions on a Number Line 0

Please note that: Fractions to the right of zero has a positive value. Fractions to the left of zero has a negative value. A positive fraction is a fraction with a +sign and normally is omitted. A negative fraction is a fraction with a - sign.
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Fractions and Decimals

2. Positive and Negative Decimals
Representation of Decimals on a Number Line -0.5 -0.3 0 +0.2 +0.3 +0.5

Please note that: Decimals to the right of zero has a positive value. Decimals to the left of zero has a negative value. A positive decimal is a decimal with a +sign and normally is omitted. A negative decimal is a decimal with a - sign.
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Fractions and Decimals

To represent a decimal on a number line, divide each segment of the number line into ten equal parts. Example : To represent 8.4 on a number line, divide the segment between 8 and 9 into ten equal parts.

8.0 8.4 9.0 The arrow is four parts to the right of 8 where it points at 8.4.
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Arithmetic Involving Integers, Fractions & Decimals

1. Adding and Subtracting Decimals Be sure to line up the terms so that all the decimal points are in a vertical line. Example:

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2. Multiplying Decimals Example 1:

Example 2:
10 x 0.6284 = 6.284 (1 zero, 1 space right) 100 x 0.6284 = 62.84 (2 zeroes, 2 spaces right) 1000 x 0.6284 = 628.4 (3 zeroes, 3 spaces right) 10,000 x 0.6284 = 6284 (4 zeroes, 4 spaces right) 100,000 x 0.6284 = 62,840 (5 zeroes, 5 spaces right)
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3. Dividing Decimals Example 1:

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4. Adding & Subtracting Fractions

Adopt the following steps: 1. Change any mixed numbers to improper fractions. 2. Find the lowest common multiple of the denominators. 3. Express all fractions with the same denominator. 4. Add the numerators to obtain the numerator of the answer; and then simplify the fraction, if possible. 5. Write the answer either as an proper fraction or as a mixed number as appropriate.

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4. Adding & Subtracting Fractions Example: Answer:

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5. Multiplications of Fractions
Adopt the following steps: 1. Change any mixed numbers to improper fractions. 2. Cancel any factors common to both the numerator and denominator. 3. Multiply the remaining terms in the numerator and in the denominator. 4. Write the answer either as a proper fraction or as a mixed number as appropriate.

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5. Multiplication of Fractions Example: Answer:

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6. Division of Fractions
Adopt the following steps: 1. Change mixed numbers into improper fractions. 2. Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction In General: Example: Simplify

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7. Directed Numbers Directed numbers are those numbers that include integers, fractions and decimals. Example: Solve the following Try also Self-check 1.1 in page 23

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Word Problems With Mixed Operations

Once the students have mastered the concept well, we can gradually introduce some examples that related to directed numbers in our daily life i.e. the word problems. Example 1: A diver was diving 118 m below sea level. He went down 15 m and came up 40 m again. How far below sea level did he dive?
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Word Problems With Mixed Operations

Example 2: During winter, town B records a temperature of -7oC. In summer, the temperature rises to +33oC. What is the difference between the two temperatures? Example 3: The price of 6 pendrives is RM132. Shamsul bought 12 pendrives and paid RM300. How much money was returned to him?
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