Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Wants Past
Experiences
Personality
Culture
Capabilities
Social factors
• Female
10/17/08 05:10 PM police officers,
Dr Ashutosh N Misal golf and
5
Perceptual Errors
• Prejudice – unfounded negative
emotions toward people belonging to a
particular stereotyped group e.g. fat
people too lazy etc
• Sexual harassment – unwelcome
conduct of a sexual nature that
detrimentally affects the work
environment or leads to adverse job-
related consequences for its victims
• Attribution Theory – a perceptual
process whereby we interpret the
causes of behaviour in terms of the
person (internal attributions) or the
10/17/08 05:10 PM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 6
Perceptual Errors
• Fundamental attribution error – the tendency to
incorrectly attribute the behaviour of other people to
internal more than to external factors. Some problem with him, we
have given all facilities
• Self-serving bias – a perceptual error whereby people
tend to attribute their own success to internal factors and
their failures to external factors
• Self-fulfilling prophecy – a phenomenon in which an
observer’s expectations of someone causes that person
to act in a way that is consistent with the observer’s
expectation. Eg not writing name in papers
• Primacy effect – a perceptual error in which we quickly
form an opinion of people based on the first information
we receive about them
• Recency effect – a perceptual error in which the most
recent information dominates our perception about the
person
• Halo error – a perceptual error whereby our general
impression of a person, usually based on one prominent
characteristic,
10/17/08 05:10 PM
biases our
Dr Ashutosh N Misal
perception of other
7
characteristics of that person.
Remedies to avoid perceptual errors
• Understand the limitations of personal
knowledge and perception
• Gather full and right information. Insure
exchange and availability of good quality
information
• Avoid instant judgments about people ,
organizations, service
• Build expectations on knowledge and
understanding that halo effects,
stereotyping etc
• Ensure open relationship encouraging
discussions, debate, exchange of thoughts
• Develop self awareness and
understanding
10/17/08 05:10 PM about
Dr Ashutosh others
N Misal 8
People Service
• appearance, dress, hair, • friendliness
handshake • effectiveness
• voice, eye contact • speed
• scent, smell
Impressions
First
• quality
• disposition (positive, • confidence
negative, • value
smiling, frowning) • respect
• establishing common interest/ • ambience
failure • appearance
to do so
• courtesy, manner
•Object
age Organization
• design • ambience
• colour • welcome
• weight • appearance
• shape • image and impression
• size • technology
• materials • care
• purpose, usage • respect for others
• price, value, cost • confidence
• trust
10/17/08 05:10 PM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 9
Summarily Factors affecting Perception
• Closure • Selective focus
• Proximity • Distortion
• Intensity
• • Repetition
Attribution
• Situational factors • Familiarity
• Confidence • Authority,
• Past history responsibility and
• Trapping and position
furnishings • Emotions
• The messenger
• Levels of
• Language
• recognition
Fashions and fads
• Social regard • Visibility
• Human response • Comparison
• first impressions
10/17/08 05:10 PM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 10
• Expectations
Impression Management
• Impression management is the deliberate
'bending' of the truth in order to make a
favorable impression. Managing impression
includes deliberate use of any or all of: Dress,
make-up, hairstyle and other management of
visual appearance, Manner and general
behavior, such as being pleasant, assertive, and
so on
• Managing body language to conceal anxieties
or untruths and show openness, Being
economic with the truth, not telling lies but also
not revealing the whole truth, Exaggeration or
complete fabrication of things that make you
look good, Downplaying or denial of negative
factors that make you look bad
10/17/08 05:10 PM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 11
• Impression management not only
happens, it is expected to happen. This
can cause a dilemma where the
interviewer either marks you down for
not managing impression sufficiently
(for example not being smart enough or
not being assertive enough) or
managing it too much (low-cut dresses,
boasting, exaggeration).