Lee Anderson Stacy Roberson Virginia Schuning Angela Vangsness

What is the relationship between the use of play therapy and the rate of progression through therapy for children ages 3-11? Play therapy refers to a large number of treatment methods, all applying the therapeutic benefits of play. Play therapy differs from regular play in that the therapist helps children to address and resolve their own problems. Play therapy builds on the natural way that children learn about themselves and their relationships in the world around them. Play therapy is generally used with children aged 3-11 and provides a way for them to express their experiences and feelings through a natural, self-guided, self-healing process.

 Children

are referred for play therapy to resolve their problems.

therapy allows trained mental health practitioners who specialize in play therapy, to assess and understand children's play.

Play

Play

therapy allows children to change the way they think about, feel toward, and resolve their concerns.

 Although

everyone benefits, play therapy is especially appropriate for children ages 3-11 years old.

 Play

therapy is implemented as a treatment choice in mental health, school, agency, developmental, hospital, residential, and recreational settings, with clients of all ages.

 The

practice of play therapy requires extensive specialized education, training, and experience. Master's or Doctorate degree

play therapy in pediatric palliative care: listening to the story and caring for the body.
By:

Using

Camara Van Breeman

Palliative care for children must address more than pain control and symptom management.
Children can reveal their hopes and fears through play therapy. Nurses can facilitate communication and connection between parents and child and thereby promote healing during the dying process.

 This

article showed that allowing parents and their dying child to tell their stories, either directly or through play, can support parents in their experience of caring for their dying child and enable a child to experience healing in his or her dying.

 Hospitalized

childrens mood differences during play and music therapy. C. Endon and L. M. Bohon

By:

 This

article is about how pediatric hospitals are concerned with both the physical and social well-being of their young patients. The purpose of this study was to test whether children in a hospital were happier during music rather than play therapy. 60 children were observed either during play or music therapy

 The

results showed that music therapy led to significantly more smiles than did play therapy. Play therapy was shown to still be very important in a hospital setting because not all children may pick music over play therapy.

 The

effectiveness of therapeutic play, using virtual reality computer games, in promoting the psychological well-being of children hospitalized with cancer.
By:

William Li, Joyce Chung, Eva Ho

 This

article examined the effectiveness of therapeutic play, using virtual reality computer games, in minimizing anxiety and reducing depressive symptoms in children hospitalized with cancer. 70 children formed the control group receiving routine nursing care and 52 children were in the experimental group receiving therapeutic play interventions.

 This

study showed that children in the experimental group using play therapy reported statistically significant fewer depressive symptoms than the children in the control group.

 Some

of the studies did not include age or sex of the participants Some of the studies were limited in that all the data was collected in one setting Insufficient quantity of data in medical records Many outcomes are under reported

 How

does a childs culture affect their receptiveness to the materials and approach used during play therapy Does a childs gender determine the usefulness of certain types of toys over others in play therapy Is group play more effective than individual play for children undergoing play therapy

Play therapy has been shown to be an effective method of relieving stress in children in both the hospital and the community settings Nurses may implement a variety of play opportunities for children to express themselves in group or one to one settings Play therapy may be conducted through a number of different media including: arts and crafts, toys, pretend play, and dress up Nurses must recognize appropriate age and developmental achievements that would make play therapy successful Nurses should be aware of the resources available within their facility and the community for further referral if needed

Axlines principles of nondirective play therapy

The therapist is genuinely interested in the child and develops a warm, caring relationship The therapist experiences unqualified acceptance of the child and does not wish that the child were different in some way 3 The therapist creates a feeling of safety and permissiveness in the relationship so the child feels free to explore and express self completely 4 The therapist is always sensitive to the childs feelings and gently reflects those feelings in such a manner that the child develops self-understanding 5 The therapist believes deeply in the childs capacity to act responsibly, unwaveringly respects the childs ability to solve personal problems, and allows the child to do so 6 The therapist trusts the childs inner direction, allows the child to lead in all areas of the relationship and resists any urge to direct the childs play or conversation 7 The therapist appreciates the gradual nature of the therapeutic process and does not attempt to hurry the process 8 The therapist establishes only those therapeutic limits that help the child accept personal and appropriate relationship responsibility Source: Axline, 1969

 Set

clear and straightforward goals and limits that the child understands before beginning a therapeutic play session Nurses should provide a safe and accepting atmosphere for the child where the child may express themselves freely Information regarding neglect or abuse that is learned during play therapy sessions must be reported to the appropriate authorities

A guide for clinical and administrative decisions

Framework for thought to examine situations Concept Basic building block of a theory Phenomenon An observable fact Conceptual framework Links global concepts together to obtain a unified whole Proposition Statement that proposes a relationship between concepts. Establishes how one concepts affects another. Theory Guides research and organizes thoughts

Organization Analysis Decision making Communication

Nurses Other members of disciplinary team Families Serve as the nurses' guide Beliefs Values and Goals Global and abstract clear vision

Clarification

Philosophy

Virginia Henderson (1978) Patients do not clearly present the nature of their distress. Therefore the patient's presenting behavior, regardless of its form, should tentatively be considered as a plea for the nurse's help.
Henderson believed that the patient would perform activities if they had the strength, will and knowledge. The nurse is to help set goals to make the patient more independent

Breathe normally.
Eat and drink adequately. Eliminate body wastes. Move and maintain desirable postures. Sleep and rest.

Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.

Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.

Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.

Worship according to ones faith. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.

 Strengths

Clear vision of the functions of nurses. Ideas of nursing practice are well accepted throughout the world Work can be applied to the health of individuals of all ages, gender and ethnicities

Weaknesses

Has a definition of nursing, not a theory Does not have a holistic approach to nursing

will add all these.