MUSCLE

as signal target

OPS

MUSCLE CELL
STRIATED - Skeletal - Cardiac SMOOTH

For SKM and CDM the termcell is usually replaced by fiber

Note: sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmicreticulum (SR), sarcomere.

SKELETAL
Axon termini, secreting Ach synapse with SKM (paracrine)*

SKM transmembrane receptor uptakes Ach

Adequate AP is required to overcome threshold potential of the hillock (known as: all-or-nothing law) RMP about 95 mV. Threshold about 50 mV

*Synapse = neuromuscular-junction, = endplate

NEURO-MUSCULAR SYNAPSE

 SKM fiber is multinucleated, cylindricalshaped and composed of ultrastuctures. Several protein arrange in distinguished pattern Mitochondria and nuclei located beneath the sarcolemma Fibres are covered with connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels

Mitosis is supressed by myostatin factor. Bigger muscle is obtained by enlargement of fibers and connective tissues.

 One fibre has several fibrils,surrounded by SR. Each fibril is made up of array of parallel filaments Filament : 1. thick (myosin) 2. thin (actin)
Others: Troponins (TN) (TN-C, TN-I, TN-N) Tropomyosin (TM) Nebulin, tropomodulin, konektin.etc.

tropomyosin

actin

troponin

Sarcolemma has branches ie. transversus tubuli that approach two cysternae of SR (and so the AP too !!!)

SR in blue

 The AP depolarizes the SR cysternae (RyRc) causing a Ca-ion efflux to sarcoplasm. Its target is TN-C. Increase of Ca-ion eventually contracts the fibers. Ca ions pump back to SR fibers relaxe AP of fibers contract-relax resembles axon
For detail see Lodish et al.,

Energy for contraction : creatinP, glycogen, mitochondrial respiration

CARDIAC MUSCLE
Y-shaped fiber (branching cells) usually with single nucleus, but mitochondria >>> SKM Fibers are intercalated by adherent-junction (intercalated disc) which have gap junction

Gap junction enables AP passes from fiber to fiber so contraction occurs in a synchronous wave

CDM
Gap-junction enables AP to pass from fiber to fiber so contraction occurs in a synchronous wave
Molecular mechanism of contract-relax similar to SKM BUT AP that triggers heart beat is generated within the heart itself !! (pace-maker). Autonomic nerves simply modulate (increasing or decreasing the AP ) Energy : obligatory oxygen !

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Smooth Muscle
Cells are not striated; spindle-shaped with single central nucleus Fibers smaller than those in skeletal muscle No sarcomeres - not arranged as symmetrically as in skeletal muscle, not as organized striations More actin than myosin Caveolae: indentations in sarcolemma; - may act like T tubules Dense bodies (instead of Z disk), in sarcoplasm - connect intermediate filaments, and

JUNCTIONS in SMOTH MUSCLES

Other proteins in smooth muscle

- desmin, vimentin, caldesmon - calponin (inhibits myosin activity) located along actin - calmodulin (inhibited by drug) - myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) for contraction - myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) for relaxation

SM contraction mechanism

SM relaxation mechanism

 Stimulation does not depend on neuron (but autonomic motor neuron reach SM and can stimulate or relax depending on which neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine? NO? Histamin? Oxytocin ?) In brief, like CDM, SM has pace maker. Contraction is slower than striated muscle but takes longer time

 Nerve stimulation activates the Ca ion receptors, so Ca influx occurs Certain drug and hormone can activate special receptor so that the internal Ca ions efflux from the SR (agonist)

The next slides show molecules in cell signaling pathway lecture.

Comparison of 3 muscle types

Disorders of muscle tissue

Muscular dystrophy a group of inherited muscle destroying disease
Muscles enlarge with fat and connective tissue Muscles degenerate Ex./Duchenne muscular dystrophy

GIVE YOUR SMILE TO EVERYONE BUT

GIVE YOUR HEART TO ONLY ONE

THANK YOU