Secondary Storage

Dr. P.Mukherjee (Mondal) Lecture : 5

Benefits of Secondary Storage

Non-Volatility Capacity Reliability Convenience Cost : Compare with physical storage Reusability Portability

Classification of Secondary Storage Devices

Sequential Access Direct Access

Classification of Secondary Storage

Secondary Storage Devices

Sequential Access

Direct Access

Magnetic Tapes

Magnetic Disk

Optical Disk

Magneto Optical Disk

Floppy Disk

CD-ROM (Read Only)

Hard Disk

Write Once Read Many

Zip Disk

Storing Data On Your Computer

In this chapter . . .
You will learn about

how various storage technologies support processing how data is transferred to and from the processor two classes of secondary memory

DASD SASD

How data is organized on magnetic and optical media

Main Memory

RAM is composed of integrated units SDRAM-Synchronous Dynamic RAM DIMMs--Dual Inline Memory Modules

Connecting to the Processor

a bus is a connection between components classifying buses

data width speed

early designs featured a single system bus

Connecting to the Processor

Modern designs feature two-tier chipset northbridge-controller connecting CPU with memory, graphics controller southbridge-controller connecting I/O and other devices

Memory Hierarchy I

Memory Hierarchy II

Types of Memory Access

RANDOM ACCESS

items are independently addressed access time is constant items are independently addressed in regions access time is variablethough not significantly items are organized in sequence (linearly) access time is significantly variable

DIRECT ACCESS

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS

Secondary Memory

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES AND MEDIA (SASD)

magnetic tape

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES AND MEDIA (DASD)

magnetic floppy disks magnetic hard disks optical discs

Direct Access Storage Devices

magnetic hard and floppy disks removable hard disks optical discs

CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD

GEOMETRY: TRACKS and SECTORS

DASD Media

CAV constant angular velocity (e.g., floppy and hard disks) CLV constant linear velocity (e.g., optical discs) Zoned CAV number of sectors depends upon zone

Direct Access

SEEK controller advances read/write head to proper track LATENCY waits for proper sector to rotate under head READ/WRITE disk head scans the sector for read or write

Magnetic Disks

FLOPPY DISKS

5.25 and 3.5 inch diskettes CAV 1.44 2.88 MBytes capacity access: drive speeds 600 r.p.m. inexpensive, archival uses for small amounts of data offline storage

HARD DISKS

3.5 inch has approx 1030K tracks per side ZCAV multiple disk, sides (cylinders) high capacity access: drive speeds 5,400; 7,200 r.p.m. and higher on-line storage

computing

ESSENTIALS

Floppy Disks

Portable and removable Flat circular Mylar media Magnetic charge on metal oxide film coating Standard 2HD 1.44 MB Parts

computing

ESSENTIALS

High Capacity Floppy Disks

Floppy disk cartridges

Zip Disks

250 MB 120 MB
200 MB

SuperDisks

HiFD disks

computing

ESSENTIALS

Internal Hard Disk

Inside system unit

Non-removable or portable Great capacity

Over 100 Gigabytes

Fast access speed

Hard-disk Cartridges

Portable, removable Complement internal hard drive

JAZ from Iomega SPARQ from SyQuest

PC Card Hard Disks

computing

ESSENTIALS

Hard-disk Packs

Used in mainframes Removable

Resemble stack of vinyl records

Multiple read/write heads Massive storage capacity

Disk vs. File Organization

data is stored in blocks blocks occupy sectors sectors on tracks files have names files are indefinite in size files may be updated (in part or whole) directory entries record file data file allocation table keeps track of file pieces

CD-ROM

based on CDDA technology CLV geometry density: 16,000 tpi up to 650 MBytes nonerasable, nonwriteable storage discs are mastered, pressed (mass production) multispeeds drives common

CDR

discs are burnt one at a time high intensity laser beam used for recording pregrooved tracks low intensity beam for reading attributes similar to CDROM

CD-RW

CD-ReWritable-writable, erasable disc optical phase-change recording Erased, written up to 1,000 times UDF (Universal Disk Format)

variable-length packets fixed-length packets

DVD

Digital Versatile Disc second generation CD-ROM higher capacity:

higher data density multiple sides multiple layers

Mass Storage Devices

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks Automated Tape Library CD- ROM Juke Box

computing

ESSENTIALS

Performance Enhancements

Improving performance of hard disks

Disk caching Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

File compression and decompression