When you change the way you look at things, the things you look at change.

Explain

Perception. Process of Perception. Selection. Organisational Errors. Common Perceptual Distortions

 Process of attaining awareness or understanding of the

environment by organizing and interpreting sensory information. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retinas of the eyes, smell is mediated by odour molecules and hearing involves pressure waves.

3. Organization An individuals ability to detect The process of placing stimuli in the immediate selected perceptual stimuli environment. into a framework for 2. Selection storage. The process a person uses to 4. Translation eliminate some of the stimuli The stage of the perceptual that have been sensed and to process at which stimuli are retain others for further interpreted and given processing. meaning.
1. Sensation

Perceptual Process
Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal)

Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs,age,Interest,

Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature,

Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection

Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity) Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

Perception

Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity

Field-ground differentiation: The tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background.

 Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful

and recognizable pattern. It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn. Some factors underlying grouping are -continuity -closure -proximity -similarity

Selection Organization Interpretation

 Its the first stage in perception process. In this stage we select stimuli to which we attend. We select the stimuli through our senses:

- Sight - Sound - Smell - Taste & Touch.

 Its the second stage in perception process. In this stage we mentally arrange the

stimuli(information)so we can understand r make senses out of stimuli.

 This is the third stage in perception process.

In this stage we attach meaning to the stimuli.

Our Interpretations are subjective and based on our

values, needs, beliefs, experience, expectations, involvement and other personal factors.

 Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by

focusing on how people attempt to: Understand the causes of a certain event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event. Our perception and judgment of others is significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other persons internal state.

Distinctiveness Shows different behaviors in different situations. Consensus Response is the same as others to same situation. Consistency Responds in the same way over time

 Fundamental Attribution Error :

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and

overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others We blame people first, not the situation
Self-Serving Bias :

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal

factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors It is our success but their failure

1. Stereotype:
Combines information based on the category or class to which a person, situation, or object belongs. Individual differences are obscured. Strong impact at the organization stage.

2. Halo Effect :
Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall impression of the individual or situation. Important in the performance appraisal process.

3. Selective perception :
The tendency to single out those aspects of a situation, person, or object that are consistent with ones needs, values, or attitudes. Perception checking with other persons can help counter the adverse impact of selective perception. Strongest impact is at the attention stage.

4. Projection :
The assignment of ones personal attributes to other individuals. Especially likely to occur in interpretation stage.

5. Contrast effects:
Occur when an individual is compared to other people on the same

characteristics on which the others rank higher or lower.. People must be aware of the impact of contrast effects in many work settings.

6. Self-fulfilling prophecy:
Occur when an individual is compared to other people on the same characteristics on which the others rank higher or lower.. People must be aware of the impact of contrast effects in many work settings.

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Submitted By: A.R Anith Kumar