GSM Network

Communication
Engineering
Eng.Mohyee Mikhemar
Ain Shams University
Aug 2002
Contents
 Introduction
 Cellular concepts
 GSM network
 GSM protocol
 Circuit Realization
GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 2

GSM Network
 Features:
 Roaming.
 ISDN capability.
 Use of SIM card.
 Control of transmission power.
 Frequency hopping.
 Discontinuous transmission.
 Mobile-assisted handover

GSM Architecture
Operation and Maintenance
subsystem
OMS
Switching
Subsystem
MS BSS SS
Mobile Station Base Station

subsystem
Mobile Station
 Mobile Equipment
 Handset Identity code (32 bit).
 SIM card: Subscriber Identity Module
 IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (34 bit).
 Ki: Identity and Authentication key
 Kc: Ciphering key
 A3 , A5 , A8: Ciphering Algorithms

Base Station Subsystem
 BTS: Base Transceiver station
 3 Antennas: 2 Rx & 1 Tx.
 Microwave link with the network
 BSC: Base station controller
 Control many (BTS)
 It handles many functions:
 Channel Allocation

Link quality Supervision

Base Station Subsystem

Transmission of broadcast messages
 Controlling power level
 Controlling frequency hopping

Error correction coding and decoding
 Hardware processing
 Data and signaling encryption

Digital speech transcoding
 Data rate adaptation

Switching Subsystem
EIR AUC
GMSC HLR
MSC
GIWU VLR
MSC:Mobile Service Switching center

 Co-ordinates call setup
 One MSC control several BSC
Switching Subsystem
EIR AUC
GMSC HLR
MSC
GIWU VLR
HLR:Home Location Register

 Database of all subscribers information

Switching Subsystem
EIR AUC
GMSC HLR
MSC
GIWU VLR
AUC:Authentication center
 Manage the security data for subscriber
authentication

Switching Subsystem
EIR AUC
GMSC HLR
MSC
GIWU VLR
EIR:Equipment Identity Register

 Database of all Mobile Equipments

Switching Subsystem
EIR AUC
GMSC HLR
MSC
GIWU VLR
VLR:Home Location Register

 Database of all visitors information

Switching Subsystem
EIR AUC
GMSC HLR
MSC
GIWU VLR
GMSC:Gateway MSC
 Gateway to the PSTN

Switching Subsystem
EIR AUC
GMSC HLR
MSC
GIWU VLR
GIWU:Gateway Networking Unit

 For Communication with users outside GSM

OMS
 Operation and Maintenance
Subsystem:
 Network operation and maintenance
 Subscription management: charging
and billing.
 Mobile equipment management

Spectrum Sharing

FDD
f↓ ⇒ BS BS
Att.↓
MS Atteunation α f MS
Uplink Downlink
MHz
890 915 935 960
Total Band=25 MHz

FDM
124 Carrier 200KHz apart
Ch1
F=890M+100k
Ch2
F=890M+300k
Ch124
F=915M-100k
MHz
890 915 935 960
Uplink Downlink

FDM
Ch1
Guard Band F=890M
+100k
100 KHz Channel Spacing
Ch2 200 KHz
M
F=890 +300
k
Ch124
F=915M-100k
MHz
890 915 935 960
Uplink Downlink

FDM
Ch1(up) Ch1(Down)
F=890M+100k F=935M+100k
MHz
890 915 935 960
Uplink Downlink

TDMA
 Every channel is shared among 8
users
 There are 124 Carriers each
shared among 8 users.
 A User is assigned a certain time
slot on a certain carrier (Cn,TSk)
(Cn,TSk)
Frame
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1 TS2
C0 t
C1 t
C123 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1 TS2
t
f
(Cn,TSk)
C12 t
( C12,TS2 )

Channels Space (Copy
Right)
f
C3
C2
C1
C0
TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0 TS0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Frame No

Channels
 Physical Channel:
 It’s a time slot on any carrier (Cn,TSk).
 Logical Chaneel:
 It’s a channel mapped on a physical
channel to do a certain job

Channel Types
 Traffic Channels (TCH)
 Used after call setup for transmission
of speech.
 Control Chaneels (CCH)
 Over head channels used for network
administration and SMS.

Control Channels
 Broadcast Channels
 Common Control Channels
 Dedicated Channels

Control Channels

Control Channels
 (FCCH): Frequency Correction Channel
 No Data just pure carrier
 (SCH): Synchronization Channel

Broadcast Mobile Network Identity Code

Broadcast Base Station Identity Code

Broadcast Current frame number
 (BCCH): Broadcast Control Channel

Broadcast location area Identity

Broadcast maximum output power
 Broadcast C0 of neighboring cells

Control Channels

Control Channels
 (PCH): Paging Control Channel

Declare a coming call
 (RACH): Random Access Channel

Used to initiate a call
 Used to respond to a paging
 (AGCH): Access Grant Channel
 Used to assign a dedicated channel for
further communication

Control Channels

Control Channels
 (SDCCH): Stand alone dedicated control
Channel
 Call setup procedure
 SMS
 (SACCH): Slow Associated control Channel

(↓) Setup power level and time advance

(↑) Inform the BS about received power level
 (FACCH): Fast Associated control Channel

Stolen for urgent hardover

Burst
 It’s the information contained in
one time slot
 1 time slot = 0.577 m.sec.
 I frame = 8 time slots = 4.615
m.sec.
Mapping
f
C3
C2
C1
C0
F S B B B B C C C C F S C C C C
D0 D0 D0 D0 D1 D1 D1 D1 D2 D2 D2 D2 D3 D3 D3 D3
T T T
Broadcast
Synchronizat
Frequency
T T T T T
Common
Channel
ionT T T Control
T S T T T
T T T
Correction
T T
Channel
T T T T T
Channel
T T S T T T
T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Frame No

Mapping
f
C3
C2
C1
C0
F S B B B B C C C C F S C C C C
D0 D0 D0 D0 D1 D1 D1 D1 D2 D2 D2 D2 D3 D3 D3 D3
T T Stand
T T alone
T T T Control
T T T Channel
T T S T T T
T T T T T T T T
Slow
T T
Associated
T T S T T
Control
T
T T T Traffic
T T T Channel
T T T T T
Channel
T S T T T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Frame No

Traffic Multiframe (26
Frames)
12 Traffic bursts 12 Traffic bursts
TTTTTTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTTTTTT I
Slow Associated: Idle:

• Power Control • Reserved for
• Time Advance future use
It’s repeated on C0, TS2-7 and all TS’s on all

other carriers
Control Multiframe (51
frames)
C0, TS0:
10 bursts 10 bursts 10 bursts
F SBBBBCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCC
10 bursts 10 bursts
Idle
F SCCCCCCCC F SCCCCCCCC I

Control Multiframe (51
frames)
C0, TS1:
48 bursts 3 bursts Idle
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 S0 S1 S2 S3 I
48 bursts 3 bursts Idle
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 S4 S5 S6 S7 I
D:Stand alone (Call setup – SMS )

S:Slow Associated (Power Level-Time Advance)

TDMA Frame Structure
 1 time slot = 15/26 m.sec
 1 frame = 8 time slots = 120/26 m.sec.
 1 traffic multiframe= 26 frame= 120 m.sec
 1 Control multiframe= 51 frame= 235 m.sec
 1 Super frame= 51 traffic=26 Control
= 1326 frames = 6.12 sec
 1 hyperframe= 2048 superframe
= 3 hours 28 minutes 53.76 sec
Bust Types
 Normal burst
 Frequency correction burst
 Synchronization burst
 Access burst

Bust Types
 Normal burst
 Frequency correction
burst
 Synchronization burst Guard
Flag interv
 Access burst al
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
Tail Encrypte Training

Bits d bits Sequenc
e
Bust Types
 Normal burst
burst
interv
 Access burst al
3 142 3 8.25
Tail All Zero

Bits Pattern

Bust Types
 Normal burst
burst
interv
 Access burst al
3 39 64 39 3 8.25
Tail Encrypte Training

Bits d bits Sequenc
e
Bust Types
 Normal burst
burst
interv
 Access burst al
8 41 36 3 68.25
Tail Training Encrypte

Bits Sequenc d bits
e
Notes
 C0 is called the beacon and is transmitted
with the maximum available power in the
cell.
 There is a 3 time slots time shift between
the uplink and the downlink, this simplify

the circuits and enable using one
antenna and a duplexer.

GSM Network

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Communication

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 2

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 3

Mobile Station Base Station

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MSC:Mobile Service Switching center

HLR:Home Location Register

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EIR:Equipment Identity Register

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VLR:Home Location Register

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GIWU:Gateway Networking Unit

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Total Band=25 MHz

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 Common Control Channels

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 Common Control Channels

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 Common Control Channels

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 Common Control Channels

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 32

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 It’s the information contained in

one time slot

 1 time slot = 0.577 m.sec.

 I frame = 8 time slots = 4.615

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 35

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 36

Slow Associated: Idle:

It’s repeated on C0, TS2-7 and all TS’s on all

10 bursts 10 bursts 10 bursts

F SBBBBCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCC

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 38

48 bursts 3 bursts Idle

D:Stand alone (Call setup – SMS )

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 39

 Frequency correction burst

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 41

Tail Encrypte Training

Tail All Zero

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 43

Tail Encrypte Training

Tail Training Encrypte

the uplink and the downlink, this simplify

GSM Network  Mohyee Mikhemar 2002 46

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