Advanced MaLhemaLlcs l Calculus

ChapLer 1
sseotlol colcolos !ames SLewarL
Department of Mathemat|cs I1 Un|vers|ty
Iunct|ons and L|m|ts
lnLroducLlon
1h|s course prov|des background
LlmlLs derlvaLlves lnLegrals of slngle varlable funcLlons
LlmlLs derlvaLlves lnLegrals of mulLlvarlable funcLlons
Sequences Serles
lnLroducLlon Lo dlfferenLlal equaLlons
1h|s course a|so prov|des sk|||s
Solvlng problems wlLh compuLer asslsLance
Applylng knowledge ln englneerlng problems
eflnlLlon eflnlLlon
4 function f ls a rule LhaL asslgns Lo each elemenL
x ln a seL A exoctly one elemenL called f(x) ln a seL
8
doma|n of Lhe funcLlon A
range of funcLlon f f%x% x ln A
raph of Lhe funcLlon ls Lhe seL of ordered palrs
%xf%x%% x ln A
4 function f ls a rule LhaL asslgns Lo each elemenL
x ln a seL A exoctly one elemenL called f(x) ln a seL
8
doma|n of Lhe funcLlon A
range of funcLlon f f%x% x ln A
raph of Lhe funcLlon ls Lhe seL of ordered palrs
%xf%x%% x ln A
A
8
x
f%x%
uncLlons
uncLlons
amp|e
1 lnd Lhe domaln and Lhe range of Lhe followlng funcLlons
a%
b%
2 eLermlne wheLher Lhe followlng curve ls Lhe graph of a funcLlon of x
3 2 ) (
2
+ + = 1
2
4 ) ( 1 =
uncLlons
ComblnaLlons of funcLlons
)| ( | ) )( (
) (
) (
) (
) ( ). ( ) )( (
) ( ) ( ) )( (
1 1

1

1
1 1
1 1
=
=

'
+

'

=
=
3
amp|e
lnd Lhe funcLlons and Lhelr domaln wlLh 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
) ( , 3 2 ) (
2
+ = + = 1
uncLlons
-Llnear models
-olynomlals
quadrlc funcLlon
cublc funcLlon
-ower funcLlons
-8aLlonal funcLlons
-1rlgonomeLrlc funcLlons
-LxponenLlal funcLlons and logarlLhms
-Llnear models
-olynomlals
quadrlc funcLlon
cublc funcLlon
-ower funcLlons
-8aLlonal funcLlons
-1rlgonomeLrlc funcLlons
-LxponenLlal funcLlons and logarlLhms
- , 1 + = ) (
0
... ) ( , , , 1
3
3
+ + + =
3
1 = ) (
) (
) (
) (
"
!
1 =
,... sin ) ( 1 =
1 , 1
,

4 ) ( ) ( = =
A CA1ALC C LSSLn1lAL DnC1lCnS
. - , 1 + + =
2
) (
/ . - , 1 + + + =
2 3
) (
uncLlons
verLlcal and horlzonLal shlfLs verLlcal and horlzonLal shlfLs
LeL c 0
1o obLaln Lhe graph of
y f%x%+ c shlfL Lhe graph of y f%x% a dlsLance c unlLs upward
y f%x% c shlfL Lhe graph of y f%x% a dlsLance c unlLs downward
y f%x + c% shlfL Lhe graph of y f%x% a dlsLance c unlLs Lo Lhe lefL
y f%x c% shlfL Lhe graph of y f%x% a dlsLance c unlLs Lo Lhe rlghL
LeL c 0
1o obLaln Lhe graph of
y f%x%+ c shlfL Lhe graph of y f%x% a dlsLance c unlLs upward
y f%x% c shlfL Lhe graph of y f%x% a dlsLance c unlLs downward
y f%x + c% shlfL Lhe graph of y f%x% a dlsLance c unlLs Lo Lhe lefL
y f%x c% shlfL Lhe graph of y f%x% a dlsLance c unlLs Lo Lhe rlghL
uncLlons
verLlcal and horlzonLal sLreLchlng and reflecLlng
LeL c 1
1o obLaln Lhe graph of
y cf%x% sLreLch Lhe graph of y f%x% verLlcally by a facLor of c
y f%x% / c compress Lhe graph of y f%x% verLlcally by a facLor of c
y f%cx% compress Lhe graph of y f%x% horlzonLally by a facLor of c
y f%x /c% sLreLch Lhe graph of y f%x% horlzonLally by a facLor of c
y f%x% reflecL Lhe graph of y f%x% abouL Lhe x axls
y f%x% reflecL Lhe graph of y f%x% abouL Lhe y axls
uncLlons
amp|e amp|e
nga nga
uncLlons
amp|e amp|e
nga nga
uncLlons
amp|e amp|e
nga nga
LlmlLs
amp|e
Conslder Lhe funcLlon
glven by
loJ voloes of f(x) fot
voloes of x opptoocbes 0?
-0.2 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0.1 0.2
1() 0.993 0.998 0.9995 0.9995 0.998 0.993
f%x% sln%x%/x
rom Lhe Lable when x ls close Lo 0 f%x% ls close Lo 1
LlmlLs
eflnlLlon eflnlLlon
LeL f%x% be a funcLlon on an open lnLerval conLalnlng x
0
excepL
posslbly aL x
0
lLself
LeL f%x% be a funcLlon on an open lnLerval conLalnlng x
0
excepL
posslbly aL x
0
lLself
The left-hand limit of 1() as approaches
0
is , denoted
lim

1()=
if value of 1() is close to when close to and less than
0
(<
0
).
The 7ight-hand limit of 1() as approaches
0
is , denoted
lim
0

1()=
if value of 1() is close to when close to and greater than
0
(>
0
).
LlmlLs
eflnlLlon eflnlLlon
lf llm
xx
0

f%x% llm
xx
0
+
f%x% l
Lhen l ls imit of f%x% as x approaches x
0
denoLed llm
xx
0
f%x% l
lf llm
xx
0

f%x% llm
xx
0
+
f%x% l
Lhen l ls imit of f%x% as x approaches x
0
denoLed llm
xx
0
f%x% l
amp|e
f%x% |x|
llm
x0

f%x%
0
llm
x0
+
f%x%
0
llm
x0
f%x%
0
LlmlLs
amp|e
llm
x0

f%x%
1
llm
x0
+
f%x%
1
llm
x0
f%x%
does
noL
exlsL!
f%x% |x|/x
LlmlLs
amp|e
f%x%
llm
x1

f%x% 1
llm
x1
+
f%x% 1
llm
x1
f%x% 1
x when x1
2 when x1
LlmlLs
1heorem 1heorem
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
im
,
.1() .im
,
1()
im
,
(1()()) im
,
1() im
,
()
im
,
(1()()) im
,
1() im
,
()
im
,
(1()/()) im
,
1() / im
,
()
pr4;ided that im
,
(()) =0
im
,
(1())
3
im
,
1()
3
im
,
,
im
,
3
1()
3
im
,
1()

lf noL saLlsfled
Lhen Lhe llmlL
may noL exlsL
LlmlLs
amp|e
im im 6 6
0 0
(
2
69)9

im
0
(3)
2
9

techn|que slmply expresslon!

techn|que mulLlply dlvlde by Lhe same expresslon!
im
0
\42

) 2 4 (
) 2 4 )( 2 4 (
im
0
+ +
+ + +

)
) 2 4 (
2 4
im
2
2
0
+ +
+
=

) 2 4 (
4 4
im
0
+ +
+
=

2 4

im
0
=
+ +
=

LlmlLs
amp|e
techn|que use
=

6 sin
4 sin
im
0

sin
im
0
=

tan
sin
im
0
=
+

.4s
im
2
0
=

3
2
6
4
.
6
6 sin
. 4
4 sin
im
0
=

LlmlLs
Sandwlch %squeeze% Lheorem Sandwlch %squeeze% Lheorem
lven f%x% q%x% b%x%
for all x ln some open lnLerval conLalnlng x
0
excepL posslbly aL x
0
lLself lf
llm
xx
0
f%x% llm
xx
0
b%x% l
Lhen
llm
xx
0
q%x% l
lven f%x% q%x% b%x%
for all x ln some open lnLerval conLalnlng x
0
excepL posslbly aL x
0
lLself lf
llm
xx
0
f%x% llm
xx
0
b%x% l
Lhen
llm
xx
0
q%x% l
x
x
0
l
f%x%
q%x%
b%x%
LlmlLs
amp|e
CalculaLe
llm
x0
x
2
cos%1/x%
^ .4s(/) ^
im
0

2
im
0
(
2
) 0

2
^
2
.4s(/) ^
2
1he Sandwlch Lheorem im
0

2
.4s(/) 0
ConLlnulLy
eflnlLlon eflnlLlon
1he funcLlon f%x% ls continuous aL x
0
lf
- llm
xx
0
f%x% exlsLs
- f%x
0
% exlsLs
- llm
xx
0
f%x% f%x
0
%
1he funcLlon f%x% ls continuous aL x
0
lf
- llm
xx
0
f%x% exlsLs
- f%x
0
% exlsLs
- llm
xx
0
f%x% f%x
0
%
ConLlnulLy
amp|e
f%x%
ls f%x% conLlnuous aL 1?
llm
x1
f%x% 1
x when x1
2 when x1
f%1% 2
f%1% llm
x1
f%x%
f%x% ls nC1 conLlnuous aL 1
ConLlnulLy
1heorem 1heorem
1he followlng funcLlons are conLlnuous on Lhelr domaln
- olynomlals %p%x%%
- 8aLlonal funcLlons %p%x%/p%x%%
- 1rlgonomeLrlc funcLlons %sln%x% cos%x% Lan%x% %
- LxponenLlal and logarlLhm funcLlons %e
x
ln%x% %
1he followlng funcLlons are conLlnuous on Lhelr domaln
- olynomlals %p%x%%
- 8aLlonal funcLlons %p%x%/p%x%%
- 1rlgonomeLrlc funcLlons %sln%x% cos%x% Lan%x% %
- LxponenLlal and logarlLhm funcLlons %e
x
ln%x% %
ConLlnulLy
1heorem 1heorem
lf f%x% q%x% are conLlnuous aL x o Lhen followlng comblnaLlons
are conLlnuous aL x o
- ConsLanL mulLlples c f%x% for any number c
- Sums f%x% + q%x%
- roducLs f%x%q%x%
- CuoLlenLs f%x%/q%x% provlded LhaL q%o%0
lf f%x% q%x% are conLlnuous aL x o Lhen followlng comblnaLlons
are conLlnuous aL x o
- ConsLanL mulLlples c f%x% for any number c
- Sums f%x% + q%x%
- roducLs f%x%q%x%
- CuoLlenLs f%x%/q%x% provlded LhaL q%o%0
ConLlnulLy
amp|e
f%x% sln%x% + |x|
ls f%x% conLlnuous aL 0?
Cbvlously
llm
x0
{x| 0
Slnce sln%x% ls a conLlnuous funcLlon
llm
x0
sln%x% sln%0% 0
llm
x0
f%x%llm
x0
sln%x%+|x| 0+0 0 sln%0%+|0| f%0%
f%x% ls conLlnuous aL 0
ConLlnulLy
1heorem 1heorem
lf q%x% ls conLlnuous aL o and f%x% ls conLlnuous aL q%o% Lhen
llm
xo
f%q%x%% f%llm
xo
q%x%% f%q%o%%
lf q%x% ls conLlnuous aL o and f%x% ls conLlnuous aL q%o% Lhen
llm
xo
f%q%x%% f%llm
xo
q%x%% f%q%o%%
amp|e vl d
CalculaLe llm
x0
e
sln%x%
Slnce e
x
ls a conLlnuous funcLlon aL 0
llm
x0
exp%sln%x%%exp%llm
x0
sln%x%% exp%0% 1
ConLlnulLy
1he lnLermedlaLe value 1heorem 1he lnLermedlaLe value 1heorem
Suppose LhaL f ls conLlnuous on Lhe closed lnLerval ab and
leL n be any number beLween f%a% and f%b% where f%a% f%b%
1hen Lhere exlsLs a number c ln %a b% such LhaL f%c% n
Suppose LhaL f ls conLlnuous on Lhe closed lnLerval ab and
leL n be any number beLween f%a% and f%b% where f%a% f%b%
1hen Lhere exlsLs a number c ln %a b% such LhaL f%c% n
ConLlnulLy
amp|e
SoluLlon LeL
1ake o 1 b 2 and N 0 ln Lhe Lheorem
We have
and
bnb
3 2
4 6 3 2 0 + =
3 2
( ) 4 6 3 2 1 = +
() 4 6 3 2 0 1 = + =
(2) 32 24 6 2 2 0 1 = + = >
Show LhaL Lhere ls a rooL of Lhe equaLlon beLween 1 and 2
ConLlnulLy
amp|e
1hus f%1% 0 f%2%LhaL ls N 0 ls a number
beLween f%1% and f%2%
now f ls conLlnuous slnce lL ls a polynomlal
So Lhe Lheorem sLaLes LhaL Lhere ls a number c
beLween 1 and 2 such LhaL f%c% 0
ln oLher words Lhe equaLlon
has aL leasL one rooL ln Lhe lnLerval %1 2%
3 2
4 6 3 2 0 + =
LlmlLs lnvolvlng lnflnlLy
eflnlLlon eflnlLlon
LeL f%x% be a funcLlon on an open lnLerval conLalnlng x
0
excepL
posslbly aL x
0
lLself
- 1he imit of f%x% ls lnflnlLy as x approaches x
0
denoLed
llm
xx
0
f%x%~
lf f%x% can be as large as we wanL when x close Lo x
0
%on boLh
sldes% buL noL equal Lo x
0

- Slmllarly we have deflnlLlon for

llm
xx
0
f%x% ~
and Lhe lnflnlLy llmlL on Lhe lefL %rlghL% slde of x
0
LeL f%x% be a funcLlon on an open lnLerval conLalnlng x
0
excepL
posslbly aL x
0
lLself
- 1he imit of f%x% ls lnflnlLy as x approaches x
0
denoLed
llm
xx
0
f%x%~
lf f%x% can be as large as we wanL when x close Lo x
0
%on boLh
sldes% buL noL equal Lo x
0

- Slmllarly we have deflnlLlon for

llm
xx
0
f%x% ~
and Lhe lnflnlLy llmlL on Lhe lefL %rlghL% slde of x
0
LlmlLs lnvolvlng lnflnlLy
amp|e
f%x% 1/%x
2
%
llm
x0

f%x% +,
llm
x0
+
f%x% +,
llm
x0
f%x% +,
llm
x0

f%x% ,
llm
x0
+
f%x% +,
llm
x0
f%x%
does
noL exlsL!
f%x% 1/x
LlmlLs lnvolvlng lnflnlLy
eflnlLlon eflnlLlon
1he llne x a ls called a vert|ca| asymptote of Lhe curve y f%x%
lf aL leasL one of Lhe followlng sLaLemenLs ls Lrue
1he llne x a ls called a vert|ca| asymptote of Lhe curve y f%x%
lf aL leasL one of Lhe followlng sLaLemenLs ls Lrue
C = C = C =
C = C = C =
+
+

) ( im ) ( im ) ( im
) ( im ) ( im ) ( im
1 1 1
1 1 1
, ,
,
, ,
,
LlmlLs lnvolvlng lnflnlLy
amp|e
a% lnd Lhe verLlcal asympLoLes of f%x% Lanx
b% lnd Lhe equaLlons of Lhe verLlcal asympLoLes of Lhe
funcLlon f whose graph ls shown
LlmlLs lnvolvlng lnflnlLy
lnformal deflnlLlon lnformal deflnlLlon
lven f%x% We have
- imit of f{x) os x opprooches infinity equals l denoLed
llm
x+~
f%x%l
lf f%x% ls close Lo l when x ls large enough
- imit of f{x) os x opprooches neqotive infinity equals l
denoLed
llm
x~
f%x%l
lf f%x% ls close Lo l when x ls small %negaLlve% enough
lven f%x% We have
- imit of f{x) os x opprooches infinity equals l denoLed
llm
x+~
f%x%l
lf f%x% ls close Lo l when x ls large enough
- imit of f{x) os x opprooches neqotive infinity equals l
denoLed
llm
x~
f%x%l
lf f%x% ls close Lo l when x ls small %negaLlve% enough
LlmlLs lnvolvlng lnflnlLy
amp|e
CalculaLe
techn|que dlvlde numeraLor and denomlnaLor
by largesL Lerm!

LlmlLs lnvolvlng lnflnlLy
eflnlLlon eflnlLlon
1he llne y l ls called a hor|zonta| asymptote of Lhe curve y f(x) lf
elLher llm
x+~
f%x%l or llm
x~
f%x%l
1he llne y l ls called a hor|zonta| asymptote of Lhe curve y f(x) lf
elLher llm
x+~
f%x%l or llm
x~
f%x%l
amp|e vl d
a% lnd Lhe horlzonLal asympLoLe of Lhe curve
b% lnd Lhe equaLlons of Lhe horlzonLal asympLoLes of Lhe followlng
curve
4 5
2 3
2
2
+ +

=

Summary
Ma|ma Commands
L
Mc d|ch t|nh ton Lnh V| d
1lm gll hn ||m|t( f(% a % ||m|t( s|n(%$ 0 %
1h hln v cung %,% |nf ||m|t(1$ |nf%
1h hln m v cung %,% m|nf ||m|t(1$ m|nf%
ll hn bn phl ||m|t(f(%ap|us% ||m|t(1$ 0 p|us%
ll hn bn Lrl ||m|t(f(%am|nus% ||m|t(1$ 0 m|nus%
v Lh p|ot2d(f(%ab% p|ot2d(2SS%
Summary
We have sLudled
uncLlons
LlmlLs of slngle varlable funcLlon
Pomework
11 2 36 33 36
12 2 4 6 12 17 18d 19a 33
13 1 3 6
14 1124 31 39 4348 33
1S 27 29 31 39 44
16 2 13 23 26
8ead ChapLer 2 Lo prepare for nexL lecLure