Chapter 4a, Network Layer (IP Addresses)

Modified by John Copeland Georgia Tech for use in ECE3076

A note on the use of these ppt slides:

Were making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). Theyre in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following: If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form, that you mention their source (after all, wed like people to use our book!) If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet,

5th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July 2009.

All material copyright 1996-2006 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Network Layer

4-1

Chapter 4: Network Layer

Chapter goals:
services:

understand principles behind network layer

instantiation, implementation in the Internet

Network Layer 4-2

network layer service models forwarding versus routing how a router works routing (path selection) dealing with scale advanced topics: IPv6, mobility

Chapter 4: Network Layer

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Virtual circuit and

datagram networks 4.3 Whats inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing 4.6 Routing in the

Internet

Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6

RIP OSPF BGP

4.7 Broadcast and

multicast routing

Network Layer

4-3

Network layer
transport segment from

sending to receiving host on sending side encapsulates segments into datagrams on receiving side, delivers segments to transport layer network layer protocols in every host, router Router examines header fields in all IP datagrams passing through it

application transport network data link physical

network data link physical

network data link physical network data link physical

network data link physical

network data link physical

network data link physical

network data link physical

network data link physical application transport network data link physical

Network Layer

4-4

Two Key Network-Layer Functions

forwarding: move

packets from routers input to appropriate router output route taken by packets from source to dest.

analogy:
routing: process of

routing: determine

planning trip from source to dest

forwarding: process

of getting through single interchange

routing algorithms
Network Layer 4-5

Interplay between routing and forwarding

routing algorithm

local forwarding table header value output link

0100 0101 0111 1001 3 2 2 1

value in arriving packets header

0111

1
3 2

Network Layer

4-6

Connection setup
3rd important function in
ATM,

some network architectures:

frame relay, X.25 before datagrams flow, two end hosts and intervening routers establish virtual connection routers get involved network vs transport layer connection service: network: between two hosts (may also involve intervening routers in case of VCs) transport: between two processes

Network Layer

4-7

Network service model

Q: What service model for channel transporting datagrams from sender to receiver? Example services for individual datagrams: guaranteed delivery guaranteed delivery with less than 40 msec delay best effort (e.g., IP) Example services for a flow of datagrams: in-order datagram delivery guaranteed minimum bandwidth to flow restrictions on changes in interpacket spacing
Network Layer 4-8

Network layer service models:

Network Architecture Service Model Congestion Bandwidth Loss Order Timing feedback no yes yes

Guarantees ?

Internet
ATM ATM ATM ATM

best effort none

CBR VBR ABR UBR constant rate guaranteed rate guaranteed minimum none

no
yes yes yes yes

no
yes yes no no

no
no

no (inferred via loss) no congestion no congestion yes no

Network Layer

4-9

Chapter 4: Network Layer

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Virtual circuit and

datagram networks 4.3 Whats inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing 4.6 Routing in the

Internet

Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6

RIP OSPF BGP

4.7 Broadcast and

multicast routing

Network Layer 4-10

Network layer connection and connection-less service

datagram network provides network-layer

connectionless service VC network provides network-layer connection service analogous to the transport-layer services, but:
service: host-to-host no choice: network provides one or the other implementation: in network core

Network Layer 4-11

Virtual circuits
source-to-dest path behaves much like telephone circuit

performance-wise network actions along source-to-dest path

call setup, teardown for each call

before data can flow

each packet carries VC identifier (not destination host

address) every router on source-dest path maintains state for each passing connection link, router resources (bandwidth, buffers) may be allocated to VC (dedicated resources = predictable service)
Network Layer 4-12

VC implementation
a VC consists of:
1.
2. 3.

path from source to destination VC numbers, one number for each link along path entries in forwarding tables in routers along path

packet belonging to VC carries VC number

(rather than dest address) VC number can be changed on each link.

New VC number comes from forwarding table

Network Layer 4-13

Forwarding table

VC number
12 22 32

Forwarding table in northwest router:

Incoming interface Incoming VC #

interface number Outgoing interface Outgoing VC #

1 2 3 1

12 63 7 97

3 1 2 3

22 18 17 87

Routers maintain connection state information!

Network Layer 4-14

Virtual circuits: signaling protocols

used to setup, maintain teardown VC
used in ATM, frame-relay, X.25 not used in todays Internet

application transport 5. Data flow begins network 4. Call connected data link 1. Initiate call physical

6. Receive data application 3. Accept call transport 2. incoming call network

data link physical

Network Layer 4-15

Datagram networks (Internet)

no call setup at network layer routers: no state about end-to-end connections no network-level concept of connection

packets forwarded using destination host address packets between same source-dest pair may take different paths (network congestion is busty)

application transport network data link 1. Send data physical

application transport 2. Receive data network data link physical

Network Layer 4-16

Datagram or VC network: why?

Internet (IP, datagram)
data exchange among

ATM (VC)

evolved from telephony computers human conversation: elastic service, no strict strict timing, reliability timing req. requirements smart end systems (computers) need for guaranteed can adapt, perform service control, error recovery dumb end systems simple inside network, telephones complexity at edge complexity inside many link types network different characteristics uniform service difficult
Network Layer 4-17

Chapter 4: Network Layer

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Virtual circuit and

datagram networks 4.3 Whats inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing 4.6 Routing in the

Internet

Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6

RIP OSPF BGP

4.7 Broadcast and

multicast routing

Network Layer 4-18

Router Architecture Overview

Two key router functions:
run routing algorithms/protocol (RIP, OSPF, BGP)

forwarding datagrams from incoming to outgoing link

Network Layer 4-19

Input Port Functions

Physical layer: bit-level reception Data link layer: e.g., Ethernet see chapter 5

Decentralized switching:

given datagram dest., lookup output port

using forwarding table in input port memory goal: complete input port processing at line speed queuing: if datagrams arrive faster than forwarding rate into switch fabric

Network Layer 4-20

Three types of switching fabrics

Network Layer 4-21

Switching Via Memory

First generation routers: traditional computers with switching under direct control of CPU packet copied to systems memory speed limited by memory bandwidth (2 bus crossings per datagram)
Input Port Memory
Output Port

System Bus

Network Layer 4-22

Switching Via a Bus

datagram from input port memory

to output port memory via a shared bus bus contention: switching speed limited by bus bandwidth 1 Gbps bus, Cisco 1900: sufficient speed for access and enterprise routers (not regional or backbone)
Network Layer 4-23

Switching Via An Interconnection Network

overcome bus bandwidth limitations Banyan networks, other interconnection nets

initially developed to connect processors in multiprocessor Advanced design: fragmenting datagram into fixed length cells, switch cells through the fabric. Cisco 12000: switches Gbps through the interconnection network

Network Layer 4-24

Output Ports

fabric faster than the transmission rate Scheduling discipline chooses among queued datagrams for transmission

Buffering required when datagrams arrive from

Network Layer 4-25

Output port queueing

buffering when arrival rate via switch exceeds

output line speed

queueing (delay) and loss due to output port buffer overflow!

Network Layer 4-26

Input Port Queuing

Fabric slower than input ports combined -> queueing

may occur at input queues Head-of-the-Line (HOL) blocking: queued datagram at front of queue prevents others in queue from moving forward

queueing delay and loss due to input buffer overflow!

Network Layer 4-27

Forwarding table
Destination Address Range

2^32 = 4 billion possible entries

Link Interface

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 through 11001000 00010111 00010111 11111111 (2^11 = 2048 addresses)

11001000 00010111 00011000 00000000 through 11001000 00010111 00011000 11111111 (2^8 = 256 addresses)
11001000 00010111 00011001 00000000 through 11001000 00010111 00011111 11111111 (2^11 = 2048 addresses)

otherwise

3
Network Layer 4-28

Longest prefix matching

Prefix Match 11001000 00010111 0001 0 11001000 00010111 0001 1000 11001000 00010111 0001 1 otherwise Examples Size /21 /24 /21 Link Interface 0 1 2 3 Which interface? Which interface?

DA: 11001000 00010111 0001 0110 1010 0001 DA: 11001000 00010111 0001 1000 1010 1010 DA: 11001000 00010111 0001 1100 1010 1010 Why do we use prefixes of different lengths?

Why do some IP addresses match more than one prefix?

Network Layer 4-29

Chapter 4: Network Layer

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Virtual circuit and

datagram networks 4.3 Whats inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing 4.6 Routing in the

Internet

Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6

RIP OSPF BGP

4.7 Broadcast and

multicast routing

Network Layer 4-30

The Internet Network layer

Host, router network layer functions:
Transport layer: TCP, UDP
Routing protocols path selection RIP, OSPF, BGP IP protocol addressing conventions datagram format packet handling conventions

Network layer

forwarding table

ICMP/IP protocol error reporting router signaling

Link layer physical layer

Network Layer 4-31

Chapter 4: Network Layer

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Virtual circuit and

datagram networks 4.3 Whats inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing 4.6 Routing in the

Internet

Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6

RIP OSPF BGP

4.7 Broadcast and

multicast routing

Network Layer 4-32

IP datagram format
IP protocol version number header length (bytes) type of data max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) upper layer protocol to deliver payload to 32 bits

type of ver head. len service

length fragment 16-bit identifier flgs offset upper time to header layer live checksum 32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address Options (if any)

total datagram length (bytes) for fragmentation/ reassembly

how much overhead with TCP? 20 bytes of TCP* 20 bytes of IP = 40 bytes + app layer overhead

data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment)

*plus options, usually 12-20 bytes

E.g. timestamp, record route taken, specify list of routers to visit.

Network Layer 4-33

IP Fragmentation and Reassembly

Example 4000 byte datagram MTU = 1500 bytes
1480 bytes in data field
offset = 1480/8
length =4000 ID =x fragflag =0 offset =0

One large datagram becomes several smaller datagrams length =1500 length =1500 length =1040 ID =x ID =x ID =x fragflag =1 fragflag =1 fragflag =0 offset =0 offset =185 offset =370

Steps: 1. Subtract 20 from original length: 4000 -20 = 3980 (bytes of "IP data") 2. Subtract 20 from new MTU: 1500- 20 = 1480 (max. bytes of data in each fragment) 3. Divide "maximum data bytes" by 8: 1480/8 = 185 to get offset increment 4. Offset of each fragment "n" (n = 0, 1, 2, ...) = n x "offset increment": 0, 185, 370. ... 5. Length of each fragment (except last) = 20 + "max. data bytes" = 20 +1480 = 1500 Length of last fragment = 20 + remaining data bytes = 20 + 3980 - 2 x 1480 = 1040

Network Layer 4-34

IP Fragmentation & Reassembly

network links have MTU

(max.transfer size) - largest possible link-level frame. different link types, different MTUs large IP datagram divided (fragmented) within net one datagram becomes several datagrams reassembled only at final destination IP header bits used to identify, order related fragments

fragmentation: in: one large datagram out: 3 smaller datagrams

Blue: IP Header

reassembly

Another fragment flag, DNF (do not fragment) causes a ICMP response (and dropped datagram) instead of fragmentation. The sender then resends future datagrams with smaller size (may fragment itself or Network Layer 4-35 reduce MSS for TCP).

Chapter 4: Network Layer

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Virtual circuit and

datagram networks 4.3 Whats inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing 4.6 Routing in the

Internet

Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6

RIP OSPF BGP

4.7 Broadcast and

multicast routing

Network Layer 4-36

IP Addressing: introduction
IP address: 32-bit
223.1.1.1

Could advertise a single route to Inet, 223.1.0.0/22

223.1.2.1

identifier for host, and router interface interface: connection between host/router and physical link (sometimes

223.1.1.2 223.1.1.4 223.1.1.3

223.1.2.9

223.1.3.27

223.1.2.2

called a "port"). routers typically have multiple interfaces host typically has one interface IP addresses associated with each interface

223.1.3.1

223.1.3.2

223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001 223 1 1 1

Network Layer 4-37

Subnets
IP address: subnet part (high order bits) host part (low order bits)
223.1.1.1 223.1.2.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.4 223.1.1.3 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2

Whats a subnet ?

223.1.3.27

device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address can physically reach each other without intervening router

subnet
223.1.3.1 223.1.3.2

network consisting of 3 subnets

Network Layer 4-38

Subnets
Recipe To determine the subnets, detach each interface from its host or router, creating islands of isolated networks. Each isolated network is called a subnet.
223.1.0.0/22

223.1.1.0/24

223.1.2.0/24

223.1.3.0/24

Subnet mask: /24

Higher Order Subnet

Network Layer 4-39

Subnets
How many?
223.1.1.1

223.1.1.2

223.1.1.4 223.1.1.3

223.1.9.2

223.1.7.0

223.1.9.1 223.1.8.1 223.1.2.6 223.1.8.0

223.1.7.1

223.1.3.27 223.1.2.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.2

223.1.2.1

Network Layer 4-40

IP addressing: CIDR
CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing
subnet portion of address of arbitrary length address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in subnet portion of address
subnet part

host part

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000

200.23.16.0/23
Original scheme: Class A = /8 = 2^24 (16,600,000) addresses Class B = /16 = 2^16 (65,000) addresses Class C = /24 = 2^8 (256) addresses
Network Layer 4-41

IP addresses: how to get one?

Q: How does host get IP address?
hard-coded by system admin in a file

Wintel: control-panel->network->configuration>tcp/ip->properties UNIX: /etc/rc.config file, or use 'ifconfig' DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: dynamically get address from as server plug-and-play (more in next chapter)
Network Layer 4-42

IP addresses: how to get one?

Q: How does network get subnet part of IP addr? A: gets allocated portion of its provider ISPs address space (or space assigned to organization*). Autonomous Systems (AS) buy connectivity from ISPs. Small companies may lease IP addresses from ISP as well.
ISP's block
Organization 0 Organization 1 Organization 2 ... Organization 7

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 11001000 00010111 00010010 00000000 11001000 00010111 00010100 00000000 .. . 11001000 00010111 00011110 00000000

200.23.16.0/20
200.23.16.0/23 200.23.18.0/23 200.23.20.0/23 . 200.23.30.0/23

* see http://www.iana.org/ - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

Network Layer 4-43

Hierarchical addressing: route aggregation

Hierarchical addressing allows efficient advertisement of routing information:
Organization 0

200.23.16.0/23

Organization 1
Organization 2

200.23.18.0/23 200.23.20.0/23

Organization 7

. . .

. . .

Fly-By-Night-ISP

Send me anything with addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20

Internet

200.23.30.0/23
ISPs-R-Us

Send me anything with addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16

Network Layer 4-44

Hierarchical addressing: more specific routes

ISPs-R-Us has a more specific route to Organization 1 (who switched ISPs) Send me anything with addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20 1101000 00011001 0001 xxxx xxxxxxxx
Organization 2

Organization 0

200.23.16.0/23

200.23.20.0/23

Organization 7

. . .

. . .

Fly-By-Night-ISP Internet

200.23.30.0/23

Organization 1
200.23.18.0/23

ISPs-R-Us

Send me anything with addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16 or 200.23.18.0/23 1101000 00011001 0001 001x xxxxxxxx
Network Layer 4-45

Textbook refers to /20 in the network designator 200.23.16.0/20 as the subnet mask. /20 represents a 32-bit binary number that has 20 bits at left and 12 zeros at the right:

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 This number in dotted decimal format is:

255.255.240.0
A network designator is incomplete without the network mask.
Network Layer 4-46

The (sub)network mask can change: an IP address into the corresponding network address (for comparison in a router forwarding table). Match[i] = {(IP & mask[i] == Network_addr[i]} an IP address (or network address) into the network Broadcast Address: Broadcast_addr = IP | ~mask
& bitwise AND | bitwise OR ~ bitwise inversion (0->1, 1->0)
Network Layer

IP Address Bitwise Calculations 200.23.16.0/20

Network Mask, 0 or 1 -> 1, x -> 0

1101000 00011001 0001xxxx xxxxxxxx

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000

Minimum Host Address: x -> 0 1101000 00011001 00010000 00000000 Maximum Host Address: x -> 1 1101000 00011001 00011111 11111111

Minimum host address is the Network Address Maximum host address is the Broadcast Addr.
Network Layer 4-48

IP Address Dotted-Decimal Calculations 200.23.16.0/20

1101000 00011001 0001xxxx xxxxxxxx Byte 3 is the Split Byte Byte 4 is Host Only, 1 & 2 are Network Only
No. Network Bits in the "Split Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mask Value of Network Part Host Part Split Byte is Multiple from Zero to: of: 128 128 127 192 64 63 224 32 31 240 16 15 248 8 7 252 4 3 254 2 1
Network Layer 4-49

<--------- Sum to 256 -------------->

IP Address Dotted-Decimal Calculations - 2 200.23.16.0/20

1101000 00011001 0001xxxx xxxxxxxx Byte 3 is the Split Byte (4 network bits) Byte 4 is Host Only, 1 & 2 are Network Only
No. Network Bits in the "Split Byte 4 Mask Value of Network Part Host Part Split Byte is Multiple from Zero to: (00001111) (11110000) of: 240 16 15

Network Mask = 255.255.240.0 Min. Host Addr. (Network Addr.) = 200.23.16.0 Maximum Host Address = 200.23.(16+15).255 (Broadcast Address = 200.23.31.255) Number of Host Addresses = 2^12 = (15+1)*256
Network Layer 4-50

IP addressing: the last word...

Q: How does an ISP (or organization) get a block of addresses? A: ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (www.icann.org) allocates addresses (no, IANA* does this) manages DNS (domain names can be registered

through several dozen registries (e.g., verisign.com)

assigns domain names, resolves disputes

* Internet Assigned Numbers Authority - www.iana.org

Network Layer 4-51

NAT: Network Address Translation

rest of Internet local network (e.g., home network) 10.0.0/24
10.0.0.4 138.76.29.7 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2

network have same single source NAT IP address: 138.76.29.7, different source port numbers

All datagrams leaving local

Datagrams with source or destination in this network have 10.0.0/24 address for source, destination (as usual)

Network Layer 4-52

NAT: Network Address Translation

Motivation: local network uses just one IP address as

far as outside world is concerned: range of addresses not needed from ISP: just one IP address for all devices can change addresses of devices in local network without notifying outside world can change ISP without changing addresses of devices in local network devices inside local net not explicitly addressable, visible by outside world (a security plus).

Network Layer 4-53

NAT: Network Address Translation

Implementation: NAT router must:

outgoing datagrams: replace (source IP address, port

#) of every outgoing datagram to (NAT IP address, new port #) . . . remote clients/servers will respond using (NAT IP address, new port #) as destination addr.

remember (in NAT translation table) every (source incoming datagrams: replace (NAT IP address, new
port #) in dest fields of every incoming datagram with corresponding (source IP address, port #) stored in NAT table

IP address, port #) to (NAT IP address, new port #) translation pair

Network Layer 4-54

NAT: Network Address Translation

1: host 10.0.0.1 2: NAT router sends datagram to changes datagram 128.119.40.186, 80 source addr from 128.119.40.186, 80, 5001 10.0.0.1, 3345 10.0.0.1, 3345 to 138.76.29.7, 5001, S: 10.0.0.1, 3345 updates table D: 128.119.40.186, 80 10.0.0.1 (Server IP, port are not changed) 1 S: 138.76.29.7, 5001 2 D: 128.119.40.186, 80 10.0.0.4
138.76.29.7
S: 128.119.40.186, 80 D: 10.0.0.1, 3345

NAT translation table WAN side: Server addr LAN side addr & port, Client port and Client port

10.0.0.2

3: Reply arrives dest. address: 138.76.29.7, 5001 from 128.119.40.186, 80

Slide modified 10/19/2008 by JAC

S: 128.119.40.186, 80 D: 138.76.29.7, 5001

10.0.0.3 4: NAT router changes datagram dest addr from 138.76.29.7, 5001 to 10.0.0.1, 3345
Network Layer 4-55

NAT: Network Address Translation

16-bit port-number field: 60,000 simultaneous connections with a single LAN-side address! [Actually more if the translation table has outside IP,port as a factor. Many such implementations do not change the port number, since duplication is not likely].

NAT is controversial [?]: routers should only process up to layer 3 violates end-to-end argument

address shortage should instead be solved by IPv6

NAT possibility must be taken into account by app designers, eg, P2P applications

Network Layer 4-56

QuickTime and a decompressor are neede d to see this picture.

QuickTime and a decompressor are neede d to see this picture.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Addresses

Network Layer 4-57

Chapter 4: Network Layer

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Virtual circuit and

datagram networks 4.3 Whats inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing 4.6 Routing in the

Internet

Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6

RIP OSPF BGP

4.7 Broadcast and

multicast routing

Network Layer 4-58

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

used by hosts & routers to

Type Code description communicate network-level 0 0 echo reply (ping) information 3 0 dest. network unreachable error reporting: unreachable 3 1 dest host unreachable host, network, port, 3 2 dest protocol unreachable protocol 3 3 dest port unreachable echo request/reply (used by 3 6 dest network unknown ping) 3 7 dest host unknown network-layer above IP: 4 0 source quench (congestion control - not used) ICMP messages carried in 8 0 echo request (ping) IP datagrams 9 0 route advertisement ICMP message: type=3, 4, 11, or 10 0 router discovery 12: code plus IP header and 11 0 TTL expired following 8 bytes of IP 12 0 bad IP header datagram causing error (would include UDP or TCP port numbers) Slide modified 10/19/2008 by JAC Network Layer 4-59

Traceroute and ICMP

Source sends series of UDP

segments* to dest host

When ICMP message

First has TTL =1 Second has TTL=2, etc. Unlikely port number

When nth datagram arrives

to nth router:

Router discards datagram And sends to source an ICMP message (type 11, code 0) Datagram includes router IP address. Traceroute does DNS lookup to find name of router (if any)

arrives, source calculates RTT Traceroute does this 3 times Stopping criterion UDP segment eventually arrives at destination host Destination returns ICMP host unreachable packet (type 3, code 3) When source gets this ICMP, stops.
Network Layer 4-60

* or ICMP pings

Slide modified 10/19/2008 by JAC

Chapter 4: Network Layer

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Virtual circuit and

datagram networks 4.3 Whats inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing 4.6 Routing in the

Internet

Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6

RIP OSPF BGP

4.7 Broadcast and

multicast routing

Network Layer 4-61

IPv6
Initial motivation: 32-bit address space soon to be

completely allocated (however, NAT and CIDR* have fixed the problem for now). Additional motivation:
header format helps speed processing/forwarding header changes to facilitate QoS IPv6 datagram format: fixed-length 40 byte header no fragmentation allowed

*Before CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing), there were only three subnet sizes (classes): Class A= /8 (4M), B = /16 (65k), C = /24 (255 addresses)

If an org needed 260 addresses, a Class B (65,535) was allocated. Network Layer 4-62

IPv6 Header (Cont)

Priority: identify priority among datagrams in flow Flow Label: identify datagrams in same flow.
(concept offlow not well defined). Next header: identify upper layer protocol for data
6to4 Tunneling 4-byte IPv4 -> 16-byte IPv6 a.b.c.d -> :0:0:0:0:a.b:c.d/96 :0:=:0000: 2 byte hex: IPv4 address can become an IPv6 sub-net with 32 bits for host addresses (4e9 hosts)
Slide modified 10/19/2008 by JAC

Network Layer 4-63

Other Changes from IPv4

Checksum: removed entirely to reduce

processing time at each hop Options: allowed, but outside of header, indicated by Next Header field (segmentation is done in Options Header) ICMPv6: new version of ICMP
additional

message types, e.g. Packet Too Big multicast group management functions
Network Layer 4-64

Transition From IPv4 To IPv6

Not all routers can be upgraded simultaneous
no

Tunneling: IPv6 carried as payload in IPv4

flag days How will the network operate with mixed IPv4 and IPv6 routers?

datagram among IPv4 routers

Network Layer 4-65

Tunneling
Logical view:
A
IPv6

B
IPv6

tunnel

E
IPv6

F
IPv6

Physical view:

A
IPv6

B
IPv6
IPv4 IPv4

E
IPv6

F
IPv6

Network Layer 4-66

Tunneling
Logical view:
A
IPv6

B
IPv6

tunnel

E
IPv6

F
IPv6

Physical view:

A
IPv6
Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data

B
IPv6

C
IPv4

D
IPv4

E
IPv6

F
IPv6

Src:B Dest: E
Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data

Src:B Dest: E
Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data

Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data

A-to-B: IPv6

B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4

B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4

E-to-F: IPv6
Network Layer 4-67