GUIDLD 8 rof SwaLl kulkarnl kLSLN1LD 8 W purva W Shonal W Sneha W udlLa W vlnoda compuLer ls a programmable machlne deslgned Lo sequenLlally and auLomaLlcally carry ouL a sequence of arlLhmeLlc or loglcal operaLlons 1he parLlcular sequence of operaLlons can be changed readlly allowlng Lhe compuLer Lo solve more Lhan one klnd of problem C8 It |s someth|ng that reduces the human effort W oncepL 2300 8 W ,echanlcal calculaLor(1642) W uLomaLed calculaLlon and programmlng W 1he flrsL elecLronlc compuLers were developed ln Lhe mld 20Lh cenLury (19401943) 194043 1o be launched nov 2011 W Cperat|ona| pr|nc|p|e nalog and Pybrld W hys|ca| structures and the purpose of use WorksLaLlons Server eLc W 8ased on Capac|ty speed and re||ab|||ty 1he ,alnframe ompuLer 1he ,lcrocompuLer 1he ,lnl compuLer 1he SupercompuLer Very Large Computer ,alnframe ls an lndusLry Lerm for a large compuLer 1he name comes from Lhe way Lhe machlne ls bulld up all unlLs (processlng communlcaLlon eLc) were hung lnLo a frame 1hus Lhe maln compuLer ls bulld lnLo a frame Lherefore Ma|nframe W 1944 W 1949 W 194 IM0 W 19Z W Z003 T-Re {IM} W 1he malnframe ls someLlmes referred Lo as a ulnosaur noL only because of lLs slze buL because of reporLs golng back many years LhaL lLs becomlng exLlncL W Some early malnframes MINIkML Lk nl 1942 ,arkl 1944 8ln 1949 unlv 1932 l8, 701 1933 Whlrlwlnd 1960 l8, 360 1963 W ,alnframe has 1 Lo 16 us (modern machlnes more) W ,emory ranges from 128 ,b over 8 ClgabyLe on llne 8, W lLs processlng power ranges from 80 over 330 ,lS (mllllons of lnsLrucLlons per second) W lL has ofLen dlfferenL cablneLs for SLorage l/C 8, W SeparaLe processes (program) for Lask managemenL program managemenL [ob managemenL serlallzaLlon caLalogs lnLer address space communlcaLlon W used prlmarlly by corporaLe and governmenLal organlzaLlons for crlLlcal appllcaLlons bulk daLa processlng such as census lndusLry and consumer sLaLlsLlcs enLerprlse resource plannlng and flnanclal LransacLlon processlng W ,aln purpose ls Lo run commerclal appllcaLlons of lorLune 1000 buslnesses and oLher largescale compuLlng purposes W 1hlnk here of banklng and lnsurance buslnesses where enormous amounLs of daLa are processed Lyplcally (aL leasL) mllllons of records each day W l8, malnframes domlnaLe Lhe malnframe markeL aL well over 90 markeL share W ln 2002 PlLachl codeveloped Lhe zSerles z800 wlLh l8, Lo share expenses buL subsequenLly Lhe Lwo companles have noL collaboraLed on new PlLachl models W l8, ls rapldly expandlng lLs sofLware buslness lncludlng lLs malnframe sofLware porLfollo Lo seek addlLlonal revenue and proflLs W mlcrocompuLer ls a compuLer wlLh a mlcroprocessor as lLs cenLral processlng unlL W hyslcally small compared Lo malnframe and mlnlcompuLers W ,onlLors keyboards and oLher devlces for lnpuL and ouLpuL may be lnLegraLed or separaLe W llrsL mlcrocompuLer wlLh mlcroprocessor 1972 ueskLop ln car compuLer ,oblle/orLable W apLop W noLebook W neLbook W 1ableL W SmarLphone W SmarL book form of flxed locaLed Small ln slze Lo flL on a desk ,osLly used CS W ,lcrosofL Wlndows W , W lnux used for regular home/buslness purposes noLher Lype of moblle compuLer ,osLly used ln luxurlous cars for asslsLance of drlver for W navlgaLlon W CS W nglne and fuel efflclency lnformaLlon W SecurlLy W nLerLalnmenL W Lype of moblle compuLer wlLh all funcLlons as ln deskLop W onslsLs of fullslzed keyboard fllpup monlLor and Lrackpad W l8, 3100 Lhe flrsL commerclally avallable porLable compuLer 1973 W used for buslness enLerLalnmenL sLudles(ppL's) W 8uL requlres hlgh malnLenance W luncLlons as a personal dlglLal asslsLanL W rovlded wlLh Louchscreen or keypad faclllLy W onslsL of porLs for exLernal connecLlons of lnpuL devlces llke keyboard uS8 W Works wlLh C/S llke Symblan ndrold ,ac Wlndows W erforms all funcLlons of lnLerneL compuLlng W an also be used ln auLomoblle navlgaLlon W Lype of moblle compuLer W lL does have space for bullLln opLlcal or floppydlsk drlves W 8uL can be connecLed exLernally W lghLer and Lhlnner Lhan lapLop W ess graphlc supporL W used mosLly for web browslng and emalllng purpose wlLh wlreless communlcaLlon W ack of opLlcal devlce W 1argeLed for cloud compuLlng W ess graphlc supporL W lghL welghL economlcal energy efflclenL W SmallercapaclLy hard drlve slower u and a lower proflle 8,capaclLy n SuS ee 700 Lhe flrsL massproduced neLbook used a 7 lnch screen W Small lapLop compuLer wlLhouL a keyboard W uses vlrLual keyboard and dlglLal pen when lnpuL ls requlred W uo noL have porLs for exLernal aLLachmenL of l/o devlces W Works wlLh sLandard Wlndows or lnux operaLlng sysLem smarLphone ls baslcally a moblle phone wlLh numerous addlLlonal feaLures W mall W Web browslng W Word processlng W Cfflce producLlvlLy llrsL smarLphone was released by l8,ln 1992 qulpped wlLh a fullfeaLured CW81? keyboard Louchscreen and volceacLlvaLed lncorporaLed wlLh hlgh resoluLlon camera Works on dlfferenL C/S llke Symblan ndrold Wlndows eLc W omblned feaLures of smarLphone and noLebook compuLer W SmallesL form of lapLop W ll day baLLery llfe 3C Wlll connecLlvlLy CS W qulpped wlLh 8,processor W used for professlonal purposes W ,ldslzed compuLer W ,osLly bullL durlng 19601980 W ,ldway beLween mulLluser sysLems (malnframe compuLers ) and slngle user sysLems (mlcrocompuLer or personal compuLers) W 1he slze of a large refrlgeraLor or Lwo W ,lnl compuLers are lower Lo malnframe compuLers ln Lerms of speed and sLorage capaclLy W 1hey are also less expenslve Lhan malnframe compuLers W had relaLlvely hlgh processlng power and capaclLy W loneerlng compuLer companles ulglLal qulpmenL orporaLlon (u) uaLa Ceneral PewleLLackard (P) (P3000) W mlnlcompuLers were replaced by emergence of mlcroprocessors ln s ln Lhe laLLer half of Lhe 1980s W lnLroduced ln Lhe 1960s W deslgned prlmarlly by Seymour ray aL onLrol uaLa orporaLlon (u) W 1oday supercompuLers are Lyplcally oneofaklnd cusLom deslgns produced by LradlLlonal companles such as ray l8, and PewleLL ackard W used for hlghly calculaLlonlnLenslve Lasks such as problems lncludlng quanLum physlcs weaLher forecasLlng cllmaLe research molecular modelllng physlcal slmulaLlons rocess|ng techn|ques vecLor processlng Lechnlques were flrsL developed for supercompuLers and conLlnue Lo be used ln speclallsL hlghperformance appllcaLlons rocess|ng speed SupercompuLers are measured ln floaLlng polnL operaLlons per second (lCS) Cperat|ng systems ,ore Lhan 90 of Lodays SupercompuLers run some varlanL of L|nux ear Supercomputer eak speed (kmax) Locat|on 2011 lS8C SC220 022lCS lS8C Ind|a 2009 ray !aguar 1739 lCS uoCak 8ldge naLlonal aboraLory 1ennessee US 2010 1lanhel 2366 lCS naLlonal SupercompuLlng enLer 1lan[ln Ch|na 2011 lu[lLsu k compuLer 8162 lCS 8lkn kobe Iapan