Objectives Ch.

12, continued
Know and understand The 3 phyla of Fungi Properties that distinguish fungi from other eukaryotic microorganims The difference between fleshy fungi, molds and yeasts The growth and reproduction of molds and yeasts. Systemic, subcutaneous and opportunistic mycoses 4 ways that fungi causes disease in humans 4 Types of arthropods that function as vectors to spread disease. How arthropod vectors contribute to transmission and persistence of pathogens. Malaria as a vector borne disease; pathogen and arthopod that serves as a carrier for this pathogen Transmission of Ricksettia ricksettsi The difference between the helminths; nematodes, cestodes and trematodes, including their site of infection. Schistosoma and Taenia infections and how they can be prevented Structural characteristics that parasites have to aid them in evading the host immune response

Kingdom Fungi: Decomposers

5 million species Mycology, mycoTaxonomy

Phenotypically like plants, but genotypically like animals Mushrooms, fruiting fungi

Food source

Industrial uses

Cellulases, pectinases, proteases are all used in detergents Yeast genetically engineered to produce human insulin Yeast used in bread, beer and wine production. Some used in cheese
Threaten food crops Only a few cause disease in humans, mycoses Medically relevant, secrete antimicrobial chemicals Fungal toxins genetically engineered into plants, pest resistant crops

Large number of fungi cause disease in plants

Fungal morphology

True Fungi--> Eumycotina Algae, Not true fungi

Slime Mold, Myxomycotina Water Mold, Phytophtora

There are two forms of Fungi: 1. Molds and fleshy Fungi: filamentous growth 2. Yeasts: round/oval, unicellular, asexual reproduction

Fungi
Kingdom Nutritional Type Multicellularity Cellular Arrangement Fungi Chemoheterotroph All, except yeasts Unicellular, filamentous, fleshy

Food Acquisition Method

Characteristic Features

Absorptive
Sexual and asexual spores

Embryo Formation

None

Fungal Growth

Habitats

Found in virtually every habitat Fungal spores found throughout the earth

Saprophytic or parasitic Growth requirements of fungi

Slightly moist environment with high humidity

70% or higher Most grow well in slightly acidic environment Some yeast facultative Some fungi obligate anaerobes

pH range varies

Most are aerobic

Growth of Molds

Asexual: The fungal body consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium.

Spores germinate to form hyphae

Or sexual spores
Figure 12.2

The Life Cycle of a Zygomycete

Figure 12.6

Growth of Mushrooms

Basidiomycetes: Common mushroom

Like molds, multicellular and grow hyphae

from fragmentation

Unlike molds, form fruiting bodies from mycelium

Sexual spores are under the cap

Growth of Yeast

Unicellular Asexual reproduction By budding

Saccharomyces Candida Schizosaccharomyces

Or fission

Fungal phyla in Eumycotina

Zygomycetes

Rhizopus, bread mold Yeast, parasitic fungi Include medically and commercially important species

Ascomycetes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae: HBV vaccine Penicillium: griseofulvin and penicillin Taxomyces: Taxol

Basidiomycetes

mushrooms
Penicillium notatum

Fungal diseases in humans

Cause disease in one of four ways

Allergic reaction

Result from inhaling fungal spores Many have hallucinogenic properties Some species produce Alflatoxin Systemic. Inhalation of spores, spread Subcutaneous. Fungi grows on the body Opportunistic. Immunocompromised, antibiotic associated Destroy human food supply causing starvation

React to fungal toxin

Mycoses

Indirectly by economic impact

Mosquitoes: virus and parasite vectors

Females require a blood meal for their eggs to develop

Different species feed from animals or humans Mouthparts have sharp stylets for feeding and for saliva which prevent clotting of the bloodmeal inside the mosquito Saliva can introduce pathogens (viruses or parasites) into host Ex. West Nile Virus, Plasmodium

Anatomy

Fleas: vectors for infectious bacteria

Transmit bacteria by a bite Can remain dormant for year(s) harboring infectious bacteria Yersinia pestis Enterobacteriaceae Gram-negative, bacilli Facultative anaerobe Plasmids carry genes required for virulence

Ex. Special outer membrane proteins (YOPS) protect against host immune system, phagocytes.

Complex life cycle fleas, rodents, sometimes humans Production of YOPS proteins and capsule is temperature activated, made in human/rodent (37C) but not flea (26C).

Yersinia pestis: Complex life cycle

Lice: bacterial vectors

Transmission to host during blood meal Only 2-3 day survival outside of host Does not fly or jump, requires direct contact to spread from host to host Body or head lice

Body lice transmit pathogenic bacteria from feces

Rickettsia prowazekii, causes thyphus fever Bartonella quintana, trench fever

Common among homeless poluations

Ticks: bacterial vectors

Arachnids, not insects, wingless Transmission of bacteria by tick saliva

Wood tick

Wood tick

Ricksettia ricksettsi (Rocky mountain spotted fever)

Borrelia burgdorferi

Deer tick

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Zoonoses- humans are an accidental host

Rocky Mountian Spotted Fever

Ricksettia ricksettsi

Obligate intracellular bacteria

Attach to endothelial cells lining blood vessels at site of tick bite Enter cells by endocytosis Able to escape from phagosome and multiply in cytoplasm and nucleus Damage cell membrane leading to cell lysis and release of bacteria to spread infection

Symptoms: fever followed by a hemorrhagic rash

Damage from blood vessels Also areas of damage throughout the vital organs of the body

Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Spirochete Microaerophilic Axial filaments Unlike most pathogenic bacteria it does not require iron, uses manganese Multiply in skin at site of bite (rash) Enter blood and damage both nervous system and heart (fever) Persistent infection leads to chronic symptoms of arthritis and paralysis No person-to-person transmission

Infection by tick bite

Helminths: Parasitic worms

Kingdom Nutritional Type Multicellularity Cellular Arrangement Food Acquisition Method Characteristic Features Embryo Formation Animalia Chemoheterotroph All Tissues and organs Ingestive; absorptive Elaborate life cycles All

Helminths

Multicellular parasites

3 groups belong to phyla Platyhelminths or Nematoda Trematodes (flukes)

Enter through skin, from water Enter through ingestion of contaminated food No digestive system, absorb nutrients directly

Cestodes (tapeworms)

Nematodes (roundworms)

Enter by ingestion of contaiminated water Infect intestinal tract, feed on blood

Ex. hookworm

Life cycle of Helminths: Flukes

Schistosoma, fluke life cycle

Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum

Egg, hatches a miracidium Intermediate host, snail

Larvae develops into infectious form

Human host
Cercariae enters skin, enzymes Adult worms develops in blood, Female lays eggs, enter bladder or intestines. Disease, schistosomaisis due to remaining eggs causing liver damage

Transmission

Urine or stool carries eggs to water

Life cycle of Helminths: Tapeworms

Cestodes, tapeworm life cycle

Taenia solium

Egg Intermediate host, pig

Larvae develops

Human host
Larvae ingested, can travel to any tissue. Disease, cysteriosis Adult worm develops in gut Eggs produced.

Transmission

Stool carries eggs, ingested by pigs

How could this disease be controlled?

Homework

Read ch. 12 Study Questions. Review #5,6,7; MC #4,6,9,10