The Respiratory System

Primary Function of Respiratory System

The respiratory system supplies the blood with oxygen so that the blood can deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. And also removes carbon dioxide and water that cells produce.

Respiration vs Breathing
Most people think respiration and breathing are the same thing. Very important!!!! Actually, in science they are two VERY different things.
Respiration chemical process in which oxygen and glucose are used to produce energy inside cells. Other products of respiration are carbon dioxide and water. Breathing refers to the movement of air into and out of your lungs.

Respiratory System Structure

Nasal Cavity (nose): Heats and humidifies air; mucus traps particles and bacteria; cells with cilia move the mucus into throat Pharynx (throat): Connected to both nose and mouth. Cone shaped passageway leading to trachea. Trachea (windpipe): Main tube connecting nose/mouth to lungs. Reinforced by rings of cartilage to protect and keep open; lined with cilia and mucus Epiglottis: Flap that covers the entrance to the trachea. Prevents food/liquids from entering lungs.

Respiratory System Structure

Bronchi (bronchus): Two tubes that branch off of the trachea to direct air into the lungs. Lungs: Main organs of the respiratory system Bronchioles: Small branches of bronchi that end in alveoli. Alveoli: Tiny air sacs that function to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide from/to the blood. Capillaries: Blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli. While in the capillaries the blood discharges carbon dioxide into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli

Disorders

Asthma
Chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. They tend to react strongly to certain inhaled substances. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten. This narrows the airways, causing less air to flow into the lungs. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow your airways.

Bronchitis
Bronchitis
Inflammation and thickening of the bronchiole tubes, usually as a result of a respiratory infection. Muscles become inflamed and mucus builds up.

Emphysema
Permanently damages the air sacs of the alveoli, drastically reducing the ability to absorb oxygen.

Interesting Facts About the Respiratory System!!

About half a liter of water per day is lost through breathing. Yawning brings more oxygen to the lungs. Your right lung is larger than your left. We breathe 13 pints of air every minute. People under 30 take in double the amount of oxygen in comparison to someone who's 80 years old

The Excretory System

Function of the Excretory System

Collects wastes produced by cells and removes wastes Your body must eliminate wastes to remain healthy. These systems function together as parts of your excretory system.

The Excretory System

The excretory system rids the blood of wastes produced by the cells. The urinary system also controls blood volume by removing excess water produced by body cells during respiration. Gets rid of excess salts

Regulating Fluid Levels

The hypothalamus (hi poh THA luh mus), constantly monitors the amount of water in the blood. When the brain detects too much water in the blood, the hypothalamus releases a lesser amount of a specific hormone This signals the kidneys to return less water to the blood and increase the amount of wastewater, called urine, that is excreted.

Organs of the Excretory System

The main organs of the excretory system are two bean-shaped kidneys. The kidneys filter blood that contains urea and wastes collected from cells. Urea is the chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins. It is made up of about 1 million tiny filtering units called nephrons (NEF rahnz).

Filtration in the Kidney

Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery. Blood enters the nephrons. Water,sugar,salt (needed materials) and wastes in the blood are removed from the blood in the nephrons. Capillaries reabsorb most of the water,sugar, and salt (needed materials) and the wastes are left behind. The renal vein returns the purified blood to be circulated. Urine (wastes and water) drains from each collecting tubule into the ureters Urine flows from ureters to the urinary bladder Urine flows from the bladder through the urethra and out of the body.

Nephron

Filtration in the Kidney

In approximately 5 min, all of the blood in your body passes through the kidneys Approx. 2,000 L of blood is filtered daily by the kidneys.

Excretory/Urinary Diseases and Disorders

Waste products that are not removed build up and act as poisons in body cells.

Water that normally is removed from body tissues accumulates and causes swelling of the ankles and feet.
Without excretion, an imbalance of salts occurs. If the balance isnt restored, the kidneys and other organs can be damaged.

Urinary Diseases and Disorders

Infections caused by microorganisms can affect the urinary system.

Usually, the infection begins in the bladder. However, it can spread and involve the kidneys.

Detecting Kidney and Urinary Diseases

Urine can be tested for any signs of a urinary tract disease

A change in the urines color can suggest kidney or liver problems.

Increased amounts of a protein called albumin (al BYOO mun) indicate kidney disease or heart failure.

Dialysis
Needed when the kidneys are not functioning properly or fail A person who has only one kidney still can live normally. The remaining kidney increases in size and works harder to make up for the loss of the other kidney. If both kidneys fail, the person will need to have his or her blood filtered by an artificial kidney machine in a process called dialysis (di AH luh sus).