Introduction to Zoology

Zoology
Scientific study of the diversity of animal life

Course Description
Study of the members of the animal kingdom: their biology, anatomy, physiology and evolutionary relationship Guide through the complex and diverse world of animals This is not a course on human biology

Course Objectives:
General: Acquired the fundamental concepts of Zoology. Cognitive: Learn to describe each fundamental organizational components of the living world cells, tissues, organs, systems. Classify major groups of animals and recognize each of their characteristics.
4

Course Objectives:
Adopt specialized terminology and basic concepts in zoology. Learn evolutionary relationships among different groups of animals. Describe the function of the different components in the animal body.

Course Objectives:
Affective: Learn quantitative measurements, statistical methodology, and hypothesis formulation and testing. Develop the skill in doing research and research paper writing.

Course Objectives:
Psychomotor: Operate a microscope skillfully. Demonstrate ability in dissecting live and preserved zoological specimens. Express ideas and opinions freely and objectively in classroom discussions. Show skill and expertise in using PowerPoint and other similar software during project or report presentations.

Why Study Zoology?

Understand the natural world

Learn to protect the environment

10

Develop skills for learning

11

Myths To Explain Biological Processes

Disease caused by evil spirits Brain produces snot Blood determines heredity Heart is for emotions

12

How Does Science Separate Myths from Reality?

Scientific Method

Scientific Method
Observation Hypothesis
Prediction

Test Hypothesis
Experiment Further Observations

Conclusion

14

Edward Jenner 1749-1823

Smallpox Scientific method

15

Observation
Smallpox is deadly

16

Observation
Survivors are immune

17

Observation
Milkmaids do not get smallpox

18

Observation
Milkmaids get cowpox from cows

19

Hypothesis
Cowpox Makes You Immune to Smallpox

Prediction
If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be immune to smallpox

21

Experiment

22

Results
Boy did not get smallpox

23

Conclusion
Hypothesis supported

24

Robert Koch 1843-1910

Identified the bacterium that causes anthrax Identified the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

25

Louis Pasteur 1822-1895

Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax Demonstrated the existence of germs Invented Pasteurization

26

A New Scientific Theory Explains the Observations of Many Scientists

Edward Jenner
Smallpox

Louis Pasteur
Rabies and anthrax

Robert Koch
Tuberculosis and anthrax

27

Germ Theory of Disease

Germs cause disease Predictions of the Germ Theory
Many diseases are caused by germs
Diptheria Whooping cough Measles Plague

Modern medicine uses the Germ Theory to guide research

28

Ramifications of Germ Theory

Previous concepts about the cause of many diseases incorrect
Evil spirits Bad thoughts Excess blood

29

Theory vrs Scientific Theory

Theory (as used outside of science)
Guess Speculation Has not been tested

30

Scientific Theory
Principle Tested many times Explains many different phenomena Makes predictions Falsifiable

31

Falsify Germ Theory

Smallpox occurs without the smallpox virus Tuberculosis occurs without the TB bacterium Discovery of a different type of cause for infectious diseases
Cell phones Computer screens Lack of exercise
32

Jeffs Lost Dog

I love my dog

Jeffs beloved dog is missing (observation) Jeff thinks the dog has run away (hypothesis) What can falsify his hypothesis? Jeff finds his dog asleep in the house
33

Testing Hypotheses
Observation
Jeff found his dog asleep in the house Scientists find the same bacterium in the bodies of people who die of the plague

Experiment
Jenner vaccinates boy with cowpox and later infects him with smallpox. The boy does not get smallpox.
34

100 Sick People

Experimental group 50 People Medicine X

Control group 50 People Placebo

35

Three Days Later

Experimental group 34 Better Medicine X

Control group 33 Better Placebo

36

Three Days Later

Experimental group 34 Better Medicine X

Control group 5 Better Placebo

37

Why does this frog have extra legs?

Website

38

Law vrs Theory

Law
Observation that has been repeated numerous times Law of gravity Does not explain the observation

Theory
Explains why or how something in nature happens
39

Which is most important to a scientist?

Fact Hypothesis Law Theory

40

Theory is the most important

Theory
Explains laws, hypotheses and facts

Law
States what happens

Hypothesis
Untested theory

Fact
Observation
41

Major Scientific Theories

Germ Theory of Disease
Germs cause infectious disease

Atomic Theory
Matter is made if tiny atoms

Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory)

Genes on chromosomes determine heredity

Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
42

Theory of Evolution
Populations of organisms change over time Changes result in new species that share a common ancestor.

43

Evolution is both a fact and a theory

Fact
Evolution is documented in the fossil record and has been observed in our lifetime.

Theory
How evolution happens

44

Theory of Evolution
Scientists no longer ask if evolution occurs. They study how evolution occurs. Evolution is the major theory that guides research in Zoology

45

Science
A body of knowledge gained from studying the natural world It is tested against the natural world
Does not use supernatural explanations

Its conclusions are not absolute.

New discoveries can revise previous conclusions

It is falsifiable
46

Fundamental Properties of Life

1. Chemical uniqueness Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization Major categories of biological macromolecules a. Nucleic acids, b. Protein, c. carbohydrates, d. lipids
47

Fundamental Properties of Life

2. Complexity and hierarchical organization Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization cell-tissues-organs-organ systemorganisms
emergence appearance of new characteristics at a given level of organization Emergent Properties- arise from interactions among the component parts of a system
48

Fundamental Properties of Life

3. Reproduction Heredity and Variation
Level / Timescale of reproduction Cell /hours (16 hrs) Organisms/hours to days to years Population/ up to thousands of years Species/thousands to millions years

4. Possession of a genetic program

49

Fundamental Properties of Life

5. Metabolisms Living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments Metabolisms include digestion, production of energy and synthesis of molecules Physiology- study of complex metabolic function
50

Fundamental Properties of Life

6. Development All organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle 7. Environmental interaction

51

The End source: BIO 2215

Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

52