BO-DESEL: WHY?

Current Scenario
Once roughIy haIf the oiI
has been extracted, it
becomes harder - and more
expensive - to get at the
remainder.
The key date is not when
the oiI runs out, but when
production peaks, meaning
suppIies decIine. The peak
may come by about 2020.
roved C|| keserves 2003
|od|ese| |s an a|ternat|ve for or an add|t|ve to the
d|ese| fue| that requ|res no eng|ne mod|f|cat|ons and
can be der|ved from
ongam|a C||
kubber Seed C||
Argemone C||
Castor C||
a|m o||
Iung|
Soyabean C||
Iatropha C||
Corn C||
Sunf|ower C||
Cotton Seed C||
A|gae
Coiion Seed Oil
Soybean Oil
Algae
Canola Oil
Sunflowei Oil
FccosTocK DivcnsiTY
$:sTAiNAaiLiTY
eeiing ioday's needs foi cnvivonmcnta!
stcwavdship, cconomic pvospcvity, and
qua!ity oI !iIc without compvomising
Iutuvc gcncvation ' s abi!ity to mcct
thcsc nccds Iov thcmsc!vcs.
nviionmeni
UonomiU
SoUial ImpaUis
NvinoNmcNT
esouiUes io be Conseived:
neigy
Waiei
Land
AcLlvlLy Lo be CurLalled
Caibon missions
coNomic
eduUe dependenUe on peiioleum:
eduUe ouiflow of s foi impoiis.
Slifi away fiom sole ielianUe on diminisling
iesouiUes.
Impiove eUonomiUs of loUal
Uommuniiies:
InUieases domesiiU jobs well beyond
agiiUuliuie seUioi.
$ociAL lmAcTs
iodiesel nlanUes Food SeUuiiiy:
enewable eneigy is needed foi faiming and food
disiiibuiion
InUieasing value of faim pioduUis males ile
business of giowing food moie siable
nUouiages invesimeni in ieUlnology
Co-pioduUis of biodiesel PioduUiion:
9roLeln meal for llvesLock feed ls Lhe prlmary drlver
for soybean producLlon (reduces prlces of proLeln oll)
Clycerln coproducLs (used ln soap and cosmeLlcs
lndusLry)
CDS kCDUC1CN
iodieseI is not raw vegetabIe oiI!
It is produced by a chemicaI
process that removes gIycerin from
the oiI.
TrigIyceride:
Fat or OiI
moIecuIe
iodieseI
moIecuIes
GIycerin moIecuIe
10% Oxygen by Wt.
G IODI$
Iactor 1o state the amount of b|od|ese| |n any fue| m|xture
xamp|e 00 20 2 etc
0 50 100
2
5
10
20
100
iodieseI PetroIeum dieseI
|oD|ese| Standards N 2 AS1M D67
FueI quaIity is of the utmost concern and
importance to the biodieseI industry.
There are specifications for biodieseI
fueIs irrespective of the feedstock source
and/or processing method.
$tandard ensures safe operation in a
compression ignition engine.
&$ & uropean $pecification (I$ for
io DieseI
Indian $pecification (I$ for
io DieseI
IODI$ / DI$ DT
PROPERTIES Diesel
IS 1460
Specification
Biodiesel
ASTM 6751
Specification
Proposed BIS
Specifications
(B100)
DATA B5 DATA
B20
DATA
(B100)
Density (g/cm
3
) 820 to 870 NA 860-900 834.2 854.7 885.7
Carbon Residue
(100) mass
Max. 0.3 Max 0.05 Max 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.01
Sulphated Ash ,
mass
Max. 0.01 Max 0.020 Max 0.02 0.002 0.002 0.001
Total Sulfur,
mass
Max. 0.25 Max 0.05 Max 0.005 0.02 0.04 NIL
Cetane Number Min. 48 Min 47 Min 51 50.4 54.6 56.6
Flash Point,
0
C Min. 35 Min 100 Min 120 39.5 77 103
Copper Corrosion Max. 1 No. 3b max Max 1 1 1 1
Viscosity, 40
0
C(cSt) 2.0 to 5.0 1.9-6.0 2.5-6.0 2.497 3.25 4.10
Neutralization
Value (mg)
Max. 0.2 Max 0.8 Max 0.50 0.1 0.2 0.04
Free Glycerin,
mass
N/A Max 0.02 Max 0.02 NA NIL 0.01
Total Glycerin,
mass
N/A Max 0.24 Max. 0.25 NA 0.05 0.22
CFPP, (
0
C) Max. 6(W) NA NA 0.0 -1 0.0
Pour Point deg C 3
0
C NA NA -6 -3 NA
Water and
sediments, (
mass)
NA 0.01 NA 0.05 0.04 <0.01
Advantages of |od|ese| over etroD|ese|
D|verse fue|
kenewab|e
Safe Non 1ox|c
Nonnazardous
Non I|ammab|e
n|gh ubr|c|ty
n|gh I|ash o|nt
n|gh Cetane kat|ng
1% bio-dieseI can increase Iubricity even
up-to 65%
FIash point of 130 C which is higher as
compared to that of DieseI (64 C- $afe to
store, handIe and use.
Rating of 58-62 which is higher than DieseI
(45- Reduces ignition deIay period.
n|gh nergy a|ance
keduces C|| Dependence
|oDegradab|e
Returns 5.5 units of cIean energy against one unit of
input energy
4 times faster than petro-dieseI.
C|ean urn|ng
ower m|ss|ons C|ean urn|ng and Su|phur Iree
Compar|son of Cperat|ona| Character|st|cs of D|ese|
ng|ne kun by |oD|ese| (|nseed o||) W|th D|ese| Iue|
Cperat|on
reak 1herma| ff|c|ency
reak Spec|f|c Iue| Consumpt|on
xhaust Gas 1emperature
Io|umetr|c ff|c|ency
CC m|ss|on
CarbonD|ox|de m|ss|on
UnC m|ss|ons
N|trogen Cx|des m|ss|ons
Smoke m|ss|on
Relative Greenhouse Gas Lmissions
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Gasoline
CNG
LPG
Diesel
Ethanol 85%
B20
Diesel Hybrid
Electric
B100
Data from "A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative
Fuels, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001
100 = 100% iodieseI
20 = 20% D + 80% PD
B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Unburned HCs
CO
Particulate Matter
NOx
Sulfates
PAHs
n-PAHs
Mutagenicity
CO2
Percent
B100
B20
Diesel
30% Increase
iodieseI's CIosed
Carbon CycIe
FossiI fueIs
|oD|ese| A rom|se Ior etter Iuture
io-DieseI: Wide
cceptance
udi W ercedes-enz
Deutz John Deere Kubota
Nissan Puegot RenauIt
$koda VoIkswagen Detroit DieseI
VoIvo CaterpiIIar Cummins
I|rst [et a|rcraft to f|y on 00 percent b|od|ese|
I|rst to f|y transcont|nenta| on b|ofue|
De|f|n 29
Indian $cenario
OiI import constitutes a major part of our trade
deficit and has an enormous impact on our
economy and creation of new jobs
We spent annuaIIy more than 150,000 crores on
import of petroIeum
$ome day we may be faced with an oiI crisis that is
not temporary; today oiI fieId discovery and
production is on the decIine.
DeveIoping a strong market for bio dieseI wouId
have tremendous economic benefits
Investments in biodieseI technoIogy may ensure
that we have transportation fueI options and we wiII
not be so vuInerabIe
CN IODI$ WORK IN INDI
India with just 2.4% of gIobaI area supports more
than 16% of the human popuIation and 17% of
the cattIe popuIation
India is one of the Iargest importers of edibIe oiI
Where do we find the oiI for biodieseI
sustainabIe source of vegetabIe oiI is to be
found before we can think of biodieseI
JATROPHA -TH N$WR
Jatropha Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wiId castor thrives on any
type of soiI
Needs minimaI inputs or management
Has no insect pests, not browsed by cattIe or sheep
Can survive Iong periods of drought
Propagation is easy
Rapid growth; forms a thick Iive hedge after onIy 9 months of
pIanting
YieId from the 3
rd
year onwards and continues for 25-30 years
YieId from estabIished pIantations in raziI, 1.5 to 2.3 tons per
hectare
25% oiI from seeds by expeIIing; 30% by soIvent extraction
The meaI after extraction an exceIIent organic manure (38%
protein
ccording to the NationaI ission on io FueIs out of 197 miIIion
hectors,13.4 H avaiIabIe for Jatropha pIantation
Initiatives taken by Govt
PIanning commission
Committee formed
Report
Indian RaiIways - PIanted 7.5 miIIion Jatropha pIants
on raiIway track
ureau of IndustriaI $tandards (I$ has given
specification for pure bio-dieseI (100
OP&NG
$P of io-dieseI Rs.25/- per Iiter
20 centres designated for bIending
OiI marketing companies to make avaiIabIe
comprehensive industry guideIines " Operation,
QuaIity & $afety
IOC R&D taken up extensive studies
R$RCH & DVOPNT
'NationaI Network on Jatropha'
Objectives
$eIection of $uperior pIanning materiaI
$tandardization of Propagation techniques-
icro and acro propagation.
$tandardizing agro- techniques
stabIishment of modeI pIantation
Tree improvement
Detoxification of seed meaI
DeveIopment of pre-processing & processing
equipments
Imparting training to the farmers.
Comparative conomic $tudy
Country DieseI Price Duty on DieseI TotaI cost $ubsidy given
net of duty DieseI Price of biodieseI on biodieseI
$/T $/T $/T $/T $/T
Germany 517 588 1,104 1,065 607
&$ 369 166 535 1,060 540
India 410 250 660 1,020
Country Feedstock Price of Processing TotaI Cost
for Feedstock Cost of biodieseI
iodieseI in $/T in $/T in $/T
1 2 3 = ( 1 + 2
&$ $oybean OiI 560 500 1,060
urope Rapeseed OiI 590 500 1,090
$unfIower OiI 565 500 1,065
India Jatropha OiI 770 250 1,020
1he use of vegetab|e o||s for eng|ne fue|s may seem
|ns|gn|f|cant today ut such o||s may become |n the
course of t|me as |mportant as petro|eum and the
coa| tar products of the present t|me
kudo/f uiese/ {1912)
AT Yo: cAN oo To cL
uy and suppoii biodiesel use wiil
UonfidenUe
Confioni uninfoimed UiiiiUism wiil
faUis
Slaie ile faUis you've leained leie
ioday
lN $:mmAnY
iodiesel is fuiuie's AdvanUed io fuel
iodiesel is Susiainable
iodiesel las piomise foi ile fuiuie
iodiesel needs youi lelp
$:amiTTco aY
cchanica! Dcpt.

vd
ycav
Piaieel Gupia
Gauiav Singl
Panlaj }indal
Vijay Kumai