Development of Um

DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTIUM
BY DR.SONIA MOHSIN.
DEFINITION tissues that support and invest the tooth are called periodontium They include
Gingiva Periodontal ligament Alveolar bone Cementum
The tooth forms a specialized fibrous joint through the periodontium known as GOMPHOSIS to understand development of periodontium a recap of tooth development is essential.
RECAP OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT Development starts at the 6th week of intrauterine life when the primitive mouth develops the PRIMARY EPITHELIAL BAND
RECAP OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT The primary epithelial band thickens and form 2 laminas

Dental lamina Vastibular lamina
RECAP OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT The tooth goes thru 4 stages till the final crown shape is achieved

Bud stage Cap stage Bell stage Crown stage.
RECAP OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT Bud stage
RECAP OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT cap stage
Oral epithelium
Dental organ
Dental papilla Dental follicle
RECAP OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT bell stage Stellate reticulum
External dental epithelium Internal dental epithelium
Stratum intermedium
Cervical loop Dental papilla
RECAP OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT Crown stage: The dental papilla cells adjacent to the internal dental epithelium differentiate into ODONTOBLAST. The internal dental epithelium cells differentiate into AMELOBLAST.
ROOT DEVELOPMENT bell stage
Stellate reticulum External dental epithelium Internal dental epithelium
Stratum intermedium
Cervical loop Dental papilla
ROOT DEVELOPMENT bell stage
This forms the root.
Cervical loop
ROOT DEVELOPMENT Hertwigz root sheath: It forms by the union of external n internal dental epithelium and converges to form the root. F = internal dental epithelium. E = external dental epithelium B = dental papilla D = dental follicle C = primitive apical foramen A = hertwigz root sheath. The internal cells of the hertwigs root sheath differentiate to form odontoblast that lays down the root dentine.
ROOT DEVELOPMENT
odontoblasts that would lay down the root dentine -DENTINOGENESIS
This is where CEMENTOGENESIS would begin after the hertwigs root sheath fragments.
CEMENTOGENESIS :
When the cells of hertwigs root fragment the cells of dental follicle come into contact with the dentine formed by the internal dental epithelium. Cells of the dental follicle start to differentiate and form cementoblast. These cementoblasts form the cementum on the root dentine.
dentine
CEMENTOGENESIS
Cementogenesis is of 2 types

Primary cementum formation Secondary cementum formation.
Before understanding the process of cementum formation its important to understand the following structure
Hyaline layer of hopewell smith
HYALINE LAYER OF HOPEWELL SMITH : it is a structurless, highly mineralized layer having enamel like proteins and functioning to cement cementum to dentine.
Primary cementum
Hyaline layer of hopewell smith
Formation :
Before fragmenting the hertwigs root sheath gives out enamel like proteins next to the root dentine, later this layer becomes mineralized and forms a layer called hyaline layer of hopewell smith. Hence it lies between the root dentine and the newly formed cementoblasts.
Dentine
PRIMARY CEMENTUM
CHARACTERISTICS : It forms at a slower rate as compared to secondary cementum It is more mineralized as compared to secondary cementum. It is present in the coronal 2/3rd of the root only. It is acellular
PRIMARY CEMENTUM
FORMATION : When the cells of the hertwigs root sheath fragment the dental follicle differentiates into cementoblasts by the following ways.

They increase in size They increase the organelles within them.
The cementoblasts extend processes into the hyaline layer of hopewell smith and deposit

Collagen bundles Non-collagenous proteins (bone sialoprotiens & osteocalcin)
PRIMARY CEMENTUM
FORMATION : The collagen deposited forms a fibrous fringe and is at right angles to the long axis of the root. This matrix then becomes mineralized and forms cementum. Cementoblasts move away and keep depositing cementum until they come in contact with the fibroblasts forming the periodontal ligaments.
SECONDARY CEMENTUM
CHARACTERISTICS : It forms at a faster rate as compared to secondary cementum. It is less mineralized as compared to secondary cementum. It is present in the apical 1/3rd and the interradicular area of the root. It is cellular
SECONDARY CEMENTUM
FORMATION :
Cementoblast first secrete

Collagen fibrils Non collagenous proteins
The collagen secreted is parallel to the long axis of the root. Then this matrix becomes mineralized but this time the cementoblast becomes trapped within the cementum as lacunaes. These cementoblasts become inactive and are known as CEMENTOCYTES. Secondary cementum is also formed around the organizing PDL and partially mineralize them also.
DEVELOPMEN T OF PERIODONTIUM
Where does the hertwigs root sheath go ?
the cells after getting fragmented form a basal lamina about themselves and form islands of epithelial cells called epithelial rest cells of Mallasez and they reside in the PDL close to the cementum they are resting cells or inactive cells since they have little cytoplasm and dark staining (closed) nuclei. There function is unknown but they do decrease in number with age.
ALVEOLAR BONE FORMATION New bone forms over the bony crypt in which the tooth is developing to decrease the space between the bone and the developing tooth This bone is formed by cells of the dental follicle. Formed in the same way as cementum is formed, first collagen and noncollagenous proteins are layed forming a fibrous fringe, then its mineralized.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT FORMATION The exact timing of ligament formation varies in different tooth types and between permanent and deciduous teeth but the sequence is the same which is as follows l The space now between the bone and cementum consists of unorganized connective tissue and has fibre bundles inserted in it from both bone and cementum sides.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT FORMATION
The ligament fibroblasts present in this connective tissue start to form collagen fibres. These collagen fibres become attached to the collagen fibre bundles coming from the bone and cementum to form long continues ligaments. Later these fibres modify more during eruption and when they come in occlusion.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT ORIENTATION
1. 2. 3.
First when the alveolar crest is above the cementoenamel junction the PDL are oblique running from the bone downwards to the cementum Then when the tooth begins to erupt the cementoenamel junctions coincides with the alveolar crest and the same set of PDL become horizontal. Finally when the tooth is fully erupted and comes into occlusion the same PDL become oblique again but running from cementum to the bone downwards.
DENTOGINGIVAL JUNCTION FORMATION
Part of the gingiva facing the tooth constitutes part of the periodontium It is an adaptation of the oral mucosa It consists of the following structures

Junctional epithelium Sulcular epithelium Gingival sulcus
To understand the process of dentogingival junction formation it is important to understand the following structures and the process of eruption The reduced dental epithelium the epithelial plug The epithelial cuff The primary epithelial attachment.
REDUCED ENAMEL EPITHELIUM: it is the epithelium overlying the tooth before it begins to erupt Its has 2 layers an puter layer and an inner layer Outer layer : consists of remnants of all the cells of the dental organ (stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium, etc.) inner layer : consists of ameloblast which have completed there function of enamel formation. This epithelium along with the oral epithelium contribute in forming the epithelial cuff. Then later these cells form the junctional epithelium.
EPITHELIAL PLUG it is a mass of epithelial cells formed over the erupting tooth by the proliferation of the oral epithelial cells from above and the reduced dental epithelial cells below into the degenerating connective tissue. Cell death in the middle of this plug leads to the formation of the epithelial cuff.
EPITHELIAL CUFF : it is an epithelial canal formed at the time of eruption continues with the oral epithelium above and the reduced dental epithelium below to facilitate the movement of the tooth into the oral cavity. It forms by cell death occuring in the middle of the epithelial plug to form a canal. It forms the sulcular epithelium of the dentogingival junction.
PRIMARY EPITHELIAL ATTACHMENT The initial attachment of the gingival epithelium to the tooth surface when the tip of the tooth emerges into the oral cavity iscalled the primary epithelial attachment. It is formed by the union of the cells of the gingival epithelium and the reduced dental epithelium.
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS : After the tooth crown has been completely formed and before the tooth eruption begins the space between the tooth and the oral epithelium consists of

Oral epithelium above Connective tissue in the middle The reduced dental epithelium over the tooth surface.
When the eruption begins the connective tissue in the middle of the epitheliums start to degenerate. The outer layer of reduced dental epithelium and the basal layer of the oral epithelium starts to proliferate into this degenerating connective tissue to form the epithelial plug.
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS : Cell death in the middle of this plug leads to formation of a canal through which the tooth can erupt without hemmorhage. This canal is called the epithelial cuff. Then when the tooth begins to erupt and the tip emerges out into the oral cavity the attachment between the tooth surface and the oral epithelium is through the reduced dental epithelium this is called the primary epithelial attachment. Then this reduced dental epithelium is transformed into the junctional epithelium which consists of 2 layers

The squamous layer next to the tooth surface made out of the inner reduced dental epithelium (cannot divide) The out basal layer made out of outer reduced dental epithelium (can divide)
DENTOGINGIVAL JUNCTION FORMATION SEQUENCE OF EVENTS :
The epithelial cuff cells present above the junctional epithelium start to proliferate into the junctional epithelium between the 2 layers hence the nutritive supply of the inner squamous layer gets cut off and they degenerate to form the gingival sulcus. This leads to the formation of the sulcular epithelium by the epithelial cuff cells.
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
Hence all the 3 structures are formed in this way
Dentogingival junction
Gingival sulcus
Junctional epithelium
Sulcular epithelium
Reduced dental epithelium
Reduced dental epithelium
Epithelial cuff
LATER CHANGES :
the junctional epithelium derived from the reduced dental epithelium is eventually replaced by the oral epithelial cells due to its high proliferation.
Passive eruption:
It is the apical migration of the dentogingival junction with age it leads to increase in the length of the clinical crown.
THE END

Development of Um

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DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTIUM

Gingiva Periodontal ligament Alveolar bone Cementum

Dental lamina Vastibular lamina

Bud stage Cap stage Bell stage Crown stage.

Dental papilla Dental follicle

This forms the root.

Primary cementum formation Secondary cementum formation.

Hyaline layer of hopewell smith

Hyaline layer of hopewell smith

They increase in size They increase the organelles within them.

Collagen bundles Non-collagenous proteins (bone sialoprotiens & osteocalcin)

Cementoblast first secrete

Collagen fibrils Non collagenous proteins

Junctional epithelium Sulcular epithelium Gingival sulcus

Hence all the 3 structures are formed in this way

Reduced dental epithelium

Reduced dental epithelium

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