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ANDHRA PRADESH
Name of the faculty : D Saritha
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : D.A.E.I.E
Institute : Govt Polytechnic, Kothagudem
Year/Semester : V Semester
Subject : Linear IC Applications
Sub-Code : AEI-505
Topic : Other Applications of OP-Amp
Duration : 100 min
Sub-Topic : Voltage to Frequency and Frequency
to Voltage converters
Teaching Aids : Diagrams
AEI-505.69-70 1
Objectives
Upon the completion of this topic the student will
be familiar with
AEI-505.69-70 2
Voltage to frequency converter
• The voltage to frequency (V/F) and frequency to voltage
(F/V) converter can be constructed across IC 9400
AEI-505.69-70 3
Circuit diagram of v/f converter
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Pin diagram for 9400
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Construction
• The 9400 is designed for pulse and square wave
outputs having frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 kHz
comparator.
transistor Q2.
AEI-505.69-70 8
• When the output VA of the op-amp is positive, the output
VC of the on-inverting comparator is high, or = +5V, and
the output VB1 of the 3µs delay network is low or 0V.
AEI-505.69-70 9
• The divide-by-2 network is a negative-edge-triggered flip-
flop whose output voltage VB2 is a complement
(inversion) of VB1;
AEI-505.69-70 11
•At this instant the negative voltage at the (-) input
amount
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• The integrating capacitor Cint again begins converting the
input current Iin to a charge, and in turn the output of the
op-amp goes slightly below 0V, the output of the
comparator goes from high to low, and hence the cycle
repeats.
AEI-505.69-70 15
• When this happens, the self-start comparator connects
through the 20-kΩ resistor a negative supply voltage
Vss to the (-) input of the op-amp, which in turn causes
the output of the op-amp to quickly go positive.
• As soon as VA goes positive, the self-start comparator
is disabled, and the 9400 resumes its normal operation
mode.
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Input and output waveforms of
voltage to frequency converter
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Applications of v/f converter
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Frequency to voltage converter
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Circuit diagram of f to v converter
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Working
• The input frequency is applied to the (+) input of the
comparator (pin 11).
• Since the comparator hysteresis voltage is ±200mV, the
input signal amplitude must be greater than ±200mV in
order to trip the comparator.
• If only a unipolar input signal is available, it can be
converted into bipolar waveform by using the offset
circuit.
AEI-505.69-70 21
F to V converter output waveform
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• Each time the input signal crosses zero in the negative
direction, the output of the comparator goes low.
• Three microseconds later the Cref charge/discharge
control circuit is enabled, which is instantaneously
connects the reference capacitor Cref to the reference
voltage Vref.
• This action charges Cint each time with a precise
amount of voltage until the voltage across it can no
longer increase.
• The charging path is through the output terminal of the
op-amp, through Cint , through Cref , and finally through
Vref.
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• Each time the input waveform crosses zero in the
positive direction, the output of the comparator switches
high.
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• As the circuit has a dc gain of unity, so output voltage is
equal to input
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Applications of F to V converter
Used in applications such as
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Summary
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Quiz
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1) The V/F converter is used in applications such as
c) Frequency meters
d) Temperature sensing and control
e) Speedometers
f) Frequency multipliers/dividers
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1) The F/V converter is used in applications such as
c) A/D converters
d) Digital panel meters
e) Phase locked loops
f) Frequency meters
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1) The 9400 is designed for pulse and square wave
outputs having a frequency range of
c) 1Hz to 10kHz
d) 1Hz to 100kHz
e) 100Hz to 10kHz
f) 100Hz to 1kHz
AEI-505.69-70 33
Frequently asked questions
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