DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : SMT.RANI KAVATI
Designation : LECTURER
Branch : Applied Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering
Institute : S.G.P.R GOVT Polytechnic, Kurnool
Semester : V Semester
Subject : PROCESS CONTROL
Subject code : AEI-504
Topic : controller principles
Duration : 50 min
Sub Topic : Controller modes
Teaching A : Diagrams and animations.
AEI 504.14 1
 Objectives

On completion of this period, you would be able to

know

•Describe proportional control mode

•Define proportional band

•Define offset error

•Example for offset error

AEI 504.14 2
 Proportional control mode

•In this control mode a linear relationship exists between

the controller output and error.

P = k p e p + p0

•K p = proportional gain between error and controller

output

•P0 = controller output with no error

•e p = error

•p= controller output. AEI 504.14 3

• The characteristics of proportional mode are :

– If the error is zero, the output is constant equal to

Po.

– If there is error, for every 1 % of error a correction of

Kp percent is added to or subtracted from Po.
depending on the reverse or direct action of the
controller.

AEI 504.14 4
 Proportional band( PB):

•It is defined as the range of error to cover 0% to

100%
controlled output
100
•PB can be expressed by the equation
Kp
PB =
K p = proportional gain

PB = proportional band
• PB is dependent on gain. High gain means large
response to an error AEI 504.14 5
OFFSET

• Offset is a permanent residual error in the operating

point of the controlled variable when load change occurs

• Offset can be minimized by a larger value of Kp

(proportional gain).

AEI 504.14 6
 Example for offset error

Control valve A

Control valve B

Fig 1. AEI 504.14 7

• Consider the proportional mode level control system as

shown in fig 1.

• For understanding the offset error some of the numerical

values regarding proportional controller output and gain

values are assumed.

AEI 504.14 8
LET

• Valve A is linear with a flow scale factor

= 10 m3/hour/%

• Controller output P = 50%

• Proportional gain Kp=10%

• When load change occurs through B valve ,output

changes from 500m3/hr to 600m3/hr

• Then A valve moves to new position 600m3/hr

• There fore P= 60 %

AEI 504.14 9
• In proportional controller we have

• P = k p e p + p0
P-P 60 - 50
= 0
%
K P
10
• ep =

=1%
So,1% OFF set error occurs when load changed

AEI 504.14 10
 Quiz

1. In proportional control ,the output is constant when

a) Error < 0

b) Error = 0

c) Error > 0

d) None of the above

AEI 504.14 11
2. Proportional band is dependent on the

a) Controller output

c) Error

e) Proportional gain

g) None of the above

AEI 504.14 12
 Frequently asked questions

• Explain proportional controller mode.

• Explain proportional band.

AEI 504.14 13
 Assignment

•Define offset error

•Give an example for offset error

AEI 504.14 14