ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Assistant Professor, Energy Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,Bhopal

K. Sudhakar

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT : THE CLASSICAL FACTORS

FOUR Ms MAN 2. MACHINE 3. MATERIAL 4. MONEY

1.
The List is Incomplete in todays context.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT : THE CLASSICAL FACTORS

FOUR Ms MAN 2. MACHINE 3. MATERIAL 4. MONEY

1. 5.

ENERGY

and

ENERGY: PRECONDITION OF ALL COMMODITIES

There is no substitute for energy. The whole edifice of modern life is built upon it. Although energy can be bought and sold like any other commodity, it is not just another commodity

but the precondition of all other commodities,

a basic factor equally with air, water and earth. - SCHUMACHER (British Economist)

ENERGY

CAPACITY TO DO WORK

SOURCES OF ENERGY
CONVENTIONAL / NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES

OIL COAL WOOD

The Worlds Energy Resources Are Limited!

Renewable Energy Sources

Solar Wind Bio Geo

Tidal

SOURCES OF ENERGY
NON-CONVENTIONAL / RENEWABLE / ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY WIND POWER GEOTHERMAL TIDAL POWER and

ENERGY CONSERVATION

ECONOMICS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

SECTOR CAPITAL COST (MINR / MW) COST OF GENERATION (Rs. / kWh)

Small Hydro Wind Energy Biomass Power Bagasse Co-generation Biomass Gasification Solar PV

25 to 100 50 to 70 35 to 45 30 to 40 20 to 30 250 to 300

2.00 to 3.50 2.25 to 2.75 2.00 to 3.00 2.00 to 3.00 2.25 to 2.75 9.00 to 20.00

POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN INDIA

SECTOR Wind Energy Small Hydro (upto 25 MW) Bio Energy Solar Energy Biogas Plants Improved Wood Stoves

POTENTIAL 45,000 MW 15,000 MW 19,500 MW 20 MW/Sq km 12 Million Nos. 120 Million Nos.

AGENDA FOR THE INDIAN NATION PRIORITY AREAS & TARGETS GDP Growth : 9 - 11 % Food & Agricultural Production: 360 mT Reliable & Quality Power for all parts of the country Education & Better Health Care
- APJ Abdul Kalam
( while delivering Lecture on Networking Multiple
Technologies for Nation Building : 4th Jan, 2001, New Delhi )

Annual

WHY
ENERGY CONSERVATION

GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO

Per capita electrical power consumption in developing countries averages less than one tenth of the consumption level in the developed world.

23 % of the worlds population consumes 80 % of the worlds total electricity.

GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO

FUTURE TRENDS
As per future projections, by the year 2020 AD: The developing nations will account for more than 80 % of the projected increase in world population. (From the present 5.3 billion to 8 billion).
The

proportion of electric power consumed by the developing nations will increase from 20 % at present to around 35 to 40 %.

GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO

FUTURE TRENDS

The steepest rise, in terms of both population & electrical power generation is predicted to occur in the countries of Asia mainly in China and India.

INDIAN ENERGY SCENE

By the year 2012 AD, India is expected to add

100,000 MW of Installed Capacity i.e. ~ 10,000 MW per Year

CAPACITY ADDITION TARGET X PLAN

(Figures in MW)

Central Sector Thermal 12790

State Sector 6676

Private Sector 5951

Total 25417

Hydro
Nuclear Total

8742
1300 22832

4481

1170

14393
1300

11157

7121

41110

ACTUAL CAPACITY ADDITION

(Figures in MW)

Year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Total

Thermal 2,263 2,009 2,330 1,361 7,963

Hydel 1,297 1,106 649 2,590 5,642

Nuclear 440 0 0 0 440

Total 4,000 3,115 2,979 3,951 14,045

CAPACITY ADDITION TARGET X PLAN

(Figures in MW)

Central Sector Thermal 11,570

State Sector 9,096

Private Sector 5,794

Total 26,460

Hydro
Nuclear Total

6,002
2,520 20,092

4,213
--13,309

725
--6,519

10,940
2,520 39,920

Revised Figures

CAPACITY ADDITION TARGET XI PLAN

(Figures in MW)

Central Sector Thermal 11,740

State Sector 12,523

Private Sector 9,273

Total 33,536

Hydro
Nuclear Total

15,828
4,940 32,508

4,328
--16,851

2,264
--11,537

22,420
4,940 60,896

POWER FOR ALL BY 2012 FUND REQUIREMENT

XI PLAN
Resources Requirement Central Sector 166360 28258 State Sector Private

(Rs. in Crore)

Total

Generation Transmission Distribution Rural Electrification R&M Total Funds Requirement

64000 30000 50000 60000 15000

75000 11200

305360 69458 50000 60000 15000

194618

219000

86200

499818

Or say Rs. 5,00,000 Crore

PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION

INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF A NATION

PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION USA AUSTRALIA UK SOUTH AFRICA CHINA 13,241 kWh 11,205 kWh 6631 kWh 4313 kWh 1139 kWh

INDIAN ENERGY SCENE

Per capita electrical power consumption level is still very low.

1950 1985-86 1989-90 1993-94 1994-95 2001-02 2004-05

15.55 kWh 178.00 kWh 236.00 kWh 310.00 kWh 320.00 kWh 401.00 kWh 606.00 kWh

ENERGY INTENSITY
Energy Cost As a Percentage of Manufacturing Cost

ENERGY COSTS IN INDIAN INDUSTRY (1984-85) ( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )

CEMENT ALUMINIUM GLASS CHEMICAL PAPER FERTILIZERS IRON & STEEL FOUNDRIES TEXTILES ELECT. ENGG.

: : : : : : : : : :

34.9 % 34.2 % 32.5 % 23.9 % 22.8 % 18.3 % 15.8 % 10.5 % 8.6 % 3.2 %

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

PARADIGM SHIFT

For delivering 1 MW of Power to the User, 2.5 MW of Installed Capacity is needed.

Assumptions : Capacity Utilization : 50 % T & D Losses : 20 %

ENERGY COSTS IN INDIAN INDUSTRY (1984-85) ( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )

Industry

Unit

India

Developed Nations
46

IRON & STEEL Gcal/tonne

8 - 9.5

CEMENT

Gcal/tonne
MWh/tonne

1 4.4
16 20 12 15

0.6 0.9
13 15 5-8

ALUMINIUM

PULP & PAPER kg Steam / kg

ENERGY INTENSITIES IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES (1979-80)

( In Gcal / tonne )

STEEL

CEMENT ALUMINIUM FERTILIZER

INDIA

9.50

2.00

33.00

11.25

ITALY

4.03 JAPAN 4.18 SWEDEN 5.02 U.K. 6.07 U.S.A 6.06 GERMANY 5.21 India over LOWEST 57.6% India over HIGHEST 36.1%

0.89 1.20 1.40 1.30 0.95 0.82 59.0%

30.0%

-----13.90 16.50 21.10 9.50 14.90 71.2%

36.1%

9.92 ------------12.23 11.32 ------11.8%

-8.7%

THE MYSTERY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

Substituting

CAPITAL CONVENIENCE LABOUR, and TIME for ENERGY

THE ECONOMICS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

THE THREE-PRONGED APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY

comprises of
Reduction in the wastage of energy through better housekeeping, 2. Reorganization & Streamlining of systems, and 3. Modernization of Plant Equipment & Technology
1.

GOOD HOUSE KEEPING TO BEGIN WITH

Time & Process Scheduling Matching Loads Non-Essential Consumption Plant Maintenance Insulation Use of Solar Energy Meters for Energy Audit Quantity of Energy & Material Input Motivate Workers Instrumentation & Control

EFFICACY OF LOW COST CONSERVATION MEASURES

Results obtained by thorough cleaning of an Air Conditioning System

(Reported by Georgia Institute of Technology)

Air Flow Rate : System COP : Compressor Running Time : Annual Energy Cost :

+ 32 % + 52 %

- 22 % - 22 %

ENERGY AUDIT

ENERGY AUDITS help in identifying opportunities for energy conservation.

It is crucial to successful energy management programmes.

ENERGY AUDIT

AN ENERGY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF

RECORDING, ANALYSING, & REPORTING

ENERGY USAGE AND ENERGY COST

ENERGY AUDIT TO GUIDE YOU

PRELIMINARY AUDIT
To Feel the Pulse DIAGNOSTIC AUDIT

For Corrective Action

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

SIMPLE

WALK THROUGH THE PLANT PRELIMINARY THROUGH

AUDIT QUESTIONNAIRE
DETAILED

THROUGH ON-SITE
DATA COLLECTION

UTILITY CONSUMPTION REPORTS

(Variance Reports on the Usage of Energy, Fuels & Utilities)

REPORT USAGE IN MONETARY VALUE

(Conservation Measures get directly tied to Operating Budgets) SHOW STANDARD CONSUMPTION LEVELS

(Drawing Attention to Areas where

Waste and Inefficiency may be found)

A PREREQUISITE FOR AUDITADEQUATE INSTRUMENTATION

TEMPERATURE INDICATORS FLOW METERS PF METER POWER ANALYSERS, etc.

How Can it be Done

PRIMARY FUEL WISE

OIL

ELECTRICITY COAL LPG

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDUSTRIAL UTILITIES

PUMPS INDUSTRIAL FANS & BLOWERS COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM COOLING TOWERS D.G. SETS

MAJOR EQUIPMENT WISE

FURNACE

BOILERS MOTORS DG SETS PLANT SERVICES

SECONDARY ENERGY
WATER

STEAM COMPRESSED GAS OXYGEN ACETYLENE PRODUCER GAS

UTILISATION CENTRES
PRODUCTION BLOCKS

ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING OFFICES TOWNSHIPS

SOME EVERYDAY GUIDELINES

SOS

: SWITCH OFF SOMETHING (When Not In Use) REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE SET THERMOSTATS, VALVES & CONTROLS TO THE MINIMUM UTILITY USE POSSIBLE CONSISTENT WITH THE PROCESS REQUIREMENTS

SOME EVERYDAY GUIDELINES

REPAIR

CONTAINER & PIPING LEAKS QUICKLY (Be a Detective!)

A leak of one drop every second amounts to a loss of over 4000 litres of oil every year.

CHECK

VALVE SETTINGS & GAUGE READINGS GET ACCURATE COST DATA

SOME EVERYDAY GUIDELINES

Avoid

Idle Running of Machines to save energy. off Compressors at night and on weekends. off the air supply for machines which are not in use or are used only occasionally.

Turn

Cut

ROAD MAP TO A SUCCESSFUL ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAMME

MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT : GENERATE AWARENESS

CREATE ENERGY ORGANISATION, APPOINT ENERGY MANAGERS SET TARGET FOR SAVINGS CONDUCT AUDITS INTERNALLY; USE EXTERNAL EXPERTISE

COLLECTION & ANALYSIS OF DATA : FUELWISE; EQUIPMENTWISE;

END USE WISE IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES : SHORT TERM; LONG TERM; NON INVESTMENT / INVESTMENT TYPE FORMULATE PROJECTS; EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION; TECHNICAL & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS; EXAMINE ALTERNATIVES FINALISE PROJECT; ARRANGE FOR FUNDS/ MANPOWER AND

LAYOUT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION MONITORING PROGRESS REPORTING ACHIEVEMENT IN TARGETS SET

to motivate employees and to increase their consciousness of conservation

The Managements ability

is probably the single most important factor in achieving energy efficiency.

The employees are ultimately the only ones who can make it work.