SURAYA ALlAS

UnlverslLy Muluyslu Subuh

S escrlbe Lhe domlnunL erus of lnformuLlon sysLems culled Lhe elecLronlc duLu
rocesslng (L eru, Lhe mlcro eru, Lhe neLwork eru, und Lhe globullzuLlon eru,
und undersLund how munuglng l1 ro|ecLs hus evolved durlng Lhese erus.
S UndersLund Lhe currenL sLuLe of l1 ro|ecL munugemenL und how successfully
munuglng l1 ro|ecLs remulns u chullenge for mosL orgunlzuLlons.
S Lxluln Lhe vulue-drlven, soclo-Lechnlcul, ro|ecL munugemenL, und knowledge
munugemenL urouches LhuL suorL l1M.
S eflne whuL u ro|ecL ls und descrlbe lLs uLLrlbuLes.
S eflne Lhe dlsclllne culled ro|ecL munugemenL.
S escrlbe Lhe role und lmucL l1 ro|ecLs huve on un orgunlzuLlon.
S ldenLlfy Lhe dlfferenL roles und lnLeresLs of ro|ecL sLukeholders.
S escrlbe some common urouches Lo sLrucLured sysLems develomenL und
lLeruLlve sysLems develomenL.
S escrlbe Lhe ro|ecL llfe cycle (LC, Lhe sysLems develomenL llfe cycle (SLC,
und Lhelr reluLlonshl.
S escrlbe exLreme ro|ecL munugemenL.
S ldenLlfy Lhe ro|ecL MunugemenL 8ody of Knowledge (M8OK

core knowledge
ureus.
#s #s #s #s s s zs zs
Flrst
Llectronlc
Computer
LDP
Lra
PC
Lra
Network
Lra
Globallzatlon
S lnformuLlon 1echnology (IT pro|ects ure orgunlzuLlonul
lnvesLmenLs LhuL requlre
Time
Money
And oLher resources such us peop|e, techno|ogy,
faci|ities, eLc.
S OrgunlzuLlons execL some Lye of vulue ln reLurn for Lhls
lnvesLmenL
S l1 ro|ecL MunugemenL (ITPM ls u reluLlvely new dlsclllne
LhuL uLLemLs Lo muke l1 ro|ecLs more successful und
comblnes traditiona| Pro|ect Management wlLh 5oftware
EngineeringjManagement Information 5ystems
S ITPM = PM + 5EjMI5
S OrgunlzuLlonul resources ure |imited, so orgunlzuLlons musL
choose umong comeLlng lnLeresLs Lo fund seclflc ro|ecLs
S 1hls declslon should be bused on Lhe ba|ue u comeLlng
ro|ecL wlll rovlde Lo un orgunlzuLlon
S Successfully bulldlng und lmlemenLlng u sysLem LhuL
rovldes llLLle or no vulue Lo Lhe orgunlzuLlon?
Or.
S lulllng Lo lmlemenL un lnformuLlon sysLem LhuL could huve
rovlded vulue Lo Lhe orgunlzuLlon, buL wus underdeveloed
or oorly munuged?
S arger ro|ecLs huve Lhe |owest success ruLe und ueur Lo
be more risky Lhun medlum und smuller ro|ecLs
1echnology, buslness models, und murkeLs change too
rapid|y so ro|ecLs LhuL Luke more Lhun u yeur cun be
obsoleLe before Lhey ure comleLed
S 1he CHAOS sLudles ulso rovldes some lnslghL us Lo Lhe
fucLors LhuL lnfluence ro|ecL success
S 1he CHAOS sLudy ubllshed ln # by 1he SLundlsh Crou
found LhuL ulLhough Lhe U.S senL over z# bllllon on l1
ro|ecLs, uroxlmuLely.
# were cance||ed before comleLlon
## were comp|eted but ober budget, ober schedu|e, 8
dld noL meeL orlglnul seclflcuLlons
lor mld-slze comunles, uveruge cosL overruns were
z, whlle uveruge schedule overruns were zz
S 1he SLundlsh Crou hus conLlnued Lo sLudy l1 ro|ecLs over
Lhe yeurs.
S ln generul, l1 ro|ecLs ure showlng hlgher success ruLes due
Lo
etter pro|ect management too|s 8 processes
5ma||er pro|ects
Improbed communication among stakeho|ders
More ski||fu| IT pro|ect managers
S 8uL Lhere ls sLlll umle oorLunlLy for lmrovemenL
kank 1994 2001 2006
1 user lnvolvemenL LxecuLlve SupporL user lnvolvemenL
2
LxecuLlve ManagemenL
SupporL
user lnvolvemenL
LxecuLlve ManagemenL
SupporL
3
Clear SLaLemenL of
8equlremenLs
Lxperlenced ro[ecL Manager Clear 8uslness Cb[ecLlves
4 roper lannlng Clear 8uslness Cb[ecLlves CpLlmlzlng Scope
S 8eallsLlc LxpecLaLlons Mlnlmlzed Scope Aglle rocess
6 Smaller ro[ecL MllesLones
SLandard SofLware
lnfrasLrucLure
ro[ecL ManagemenL LxperLlse
7 CompeLenL SLaff llrm 8aslc 8equlremenLs llnanclal ManagemenL
8 Cwnershlp lormal MeLhodology Skllled 8esources
9 Clear vlslon Cb[ecLlves 8ellable LsLlmaLes lormal MeLhodology
10 Pardworklng focused Leam CLher
SLandard 1ools and
lnfrasLrucLure
1ab|e 11 Summary of CPACS SLudy lacLor 8anklngs for Successful ro[ecLs
5ootces AJopteJ ftom tbe 5tooJlsb Ctoop cnAO5 (west otmootb MA 1995) bttp//wwwlofopcom/ottlcles/lotetvlewIobosoo5tooJlsbcnAO5
1 ro[ect
erformance
Cver the
ast 3 ears
Much
Worse Worse Same 8etter
Much
8etter
AblllLy Lo
meeL pro[ecL
schedules
00 123 404 412 61
AblllLy Lo
meeL pro[ecL
budgeLs
18 103 447 377 33
AblllLy Lo
compleLe
pro[ecL scope
or sysLem
requlremenL
s
26 70 412 412 79
Customer
sat|sfact|on
over the past
3 years
(Customers
can be
|nterna|
eg nk
department
or externa|
eg a
part|cu|ar
c||ent)
Cverall
saLlsfacLlon
of Lhe
cusLomer
18 132 342 393 114
ercelved
value of Lhe
dellvered
producL Lo
Lhe cusLomer
00 96 393 386 123
oLenLlal for
fuLure work
wlLh Lhe
cusLomer
09 33 421 386 149
1able 12 ro[ecL erformance and lnLernal/LxLernal CusLomer SaLlsfacLlon
Source Marchewka !1 (2008) n 114
kank Iactors for Cha||enged ro[ects Iactors for Ia||ed (mpa|red) ro[ects
1 ack of user lnpuL lncompleLe requlremenLs
2 lncompleLe requlremenLs ack of user lnvolvemenL
3 Changlng requlremenLs speclflcaLlons ack of resources
4 ack of execuLlve supporL unreallsLlc expecLaLlons
S 1echnology lncompeLence ack of execuLlve supporL
6 ack of resources Changlng requlremenLs speclflcaLlons
7 unreallsLlc expecLaLlons ack of plannlng
8 unclear ob[ecLlves uldn'L need lL any longer
9 unreallsLlc Llme frames ack of l1 managemenL
10 new Lechnology 1echnology llllLeracy
1able 13 Summary of lacLor 8anklngs for Challenged and lalled (lmpalred) ro[ecLs
5ootce AJopteJ ftom tbe 5tooJlsb Ctoop cnAO5 (west otmootb MA 1995)
S lncluded senlor l1 munugers from Lhe UK, US, lrunce,
Cermuny, lndlu, 1uun, 8 Slnguore:
##of Lhe l1 ro|ecLs fulled Lo meeL Lhelr schedules
#exerlenced budgeL overruns
##exerlenced hlgher-Lhun execLed mulnLenunce cosLs
#fulled Lo dellver Lhe execLed buslness vulue und ROl
ConLlnued Lo rovlde suorL Lo lmrove l1
1end Lo ucceL roblems us Lhe norm (l.e., u
necessury evll
Reduced l1 budgeLs
RelucLunL Lo fund new l1 ro|ecLs
SoughL comensuLlon from l1 vendors
Looked for u scuegouL umong l1 sLuff
None
onL know
#
##
z

igure # - When IT pro|ects habe gone wrong, what has been the
reaction from the business managers and the oard of Oirectors?
A Va|ue-Oriben Approach
luln 8 Slmle: l1 ro|ecLs musL rovlde vulue Lo Lhe
orgunlzuLlon
CRM? 8rlngs vulue Lo Lhe cusLomer
# 5ocio-technica| Approach
lL's noL |usL ubouL Lhe Lechnology or bulldlng u beLLer
mouse Lru
l1 ro musL conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe socleLy (vulue, cllenL us
Lhe sLukeholder (urLlcluLlon
# Pro|ect Management Approach
rocesses und lnfrusLrucLure (MeLhodology
resources (roer Lools, Lechnlques
execLuLlons dellver quullLy roducL rofesslonully
comeLlLlon ouLsource vendor
efflclency und effecLlveness suorL from ull levels ure equully
lmorLunL
# know|edge Management Approach
Knowledge MunugemenL ls u sysLemuLlc rocess for ucqulrlng,
creuLlng, synLheslzlng und uslng lnformuLlon.
lessons leurned from exerlence, besL rucLlces 8 shured
knowledge
S A ptoject ls u Lemorury endeuvor underLuken Lo creuLe u
unlque roducL, servlce, or resulL.
S toject Maoaqemeot ls Lhe ullcuLlon of knowledge, skllls,
Lools und Lechnlques Lo ro|ecL ucLlvlLles Lo meeL ro|ecL
requlremenLs. Munuglng u ro|ecL lncludes:
ldenLlfylng requlremenLs
LsLubllshlng cleur und uchlevuble ob|ecLlves
8ulunclng Lhe comeLlng demunds for quullLy, scoe,
Llme, und cosL
AduLlng Lhe seclflcuLlons, luns, und urouches Lo Lhe
dlfferenL concerns und execLuLlons of Lhe vurlous
sLukeholders
Time rame
ro|ecL sLurL 8 end Llme
# Purpose (to probide ba|ue!
whuL ls Lhe resulL from Lhe ro|ecL? A sysLem,
recommenduLlon eLc..
ro|ecL goul musL be seclflc und meusuruble
# wnership
ho owns Lhe ro|ecL ufLer comleLed
SLukeholders ( eole who ure lnvolved ln Lhe ro|ecL
ouLcome
# esources
rovlde Lhe meuns Lo uchleve goul und ulso u
consLrulnL
1he 1rlle ConsLrulnL refer Lo Scoe , schedule und
budgeL
# o|es
ro|ecL Munugerjleuder
ln churge of requlremenL, Lechnlcul develomenL, deflne
rocess
ro|ecL Sonsor
CllenL, orgunlzuLlon LhuL rovlde resources
Sub|ecL MuLLer LxerL (domuln 8 Lechnlcul
Hus knowledge on Lhe funcLlonul sec
1echnlcul LxerL
rogrummer, unulysL, deslgner
# isk 8 Assumptions
lnLernul exLernul rlsk ln Lhe rocess.
# Interdependent Tasks
toqtess|ve elabotat|oo
muny of ro|ecL Lusk wlll be conducLed ln sLes 8
lncremenLs
Such us neLwork lnsLulluLlon need Lo wulL for hurdwure
P|anned rganizationa| Change
Chunges ln munugemenL
perate in Enbironments arger than the Pro|ect Itse|f
SelecL u ro|ecL LhuL ullgns wlLh Lhe orgunlzuLlon
Flgure 1.3
S Pro|ect ife Cyc|e (PC
A collecLlon of loglcul sLuges or huses LhuL mus Lhe llfe
of u ro|ecL from lLs beglnnlng Lo lLs end ln order Lo deflne,
bulld, und dellver Lhe roducL of Lhe ro|ecL l.e., Lhe
lnformuLlon sysLem
A dellveruble ls u Lunglble und verlfluble roducL of work
(l.e., ro|ecL lun, deslgn seclflcuLlon, dellvered sysLem
S ro|ecLs ure dlvlded lnLo huses Lo lncreuse munugeublllLy
und reduce rlsk
Phose exits stoge gotes, or i// points ure decision points
uL Lhe end of each phase Lo eba|uate performance or Lo
correcL roblems or cuncel Lhe ro|ecL
ost trocing ls Lhe overlulng of huses Lo reduce Lhe
ro|ecL's schedule
Cun be rlsky
Flgure 1.4
Oefine Pro|ect Goa| (ob|ecLlve
S locus on rovldlng buslness vulue Lo Lhe comuny
1o develo u sysLem Lo suorL u Lux declslon
z P|an Pro|ect
S AfLer Lhe goul hus been deflned, u ro|ecL lun should
unswer followlng quesLlons
huL, hy, How ure we golng Lo do lL?
ho ls lnvolved?
How long wlll lL Luke und Lhe cosL?
huL ure Lhe rlsks und ussumLlon?
S 1he lnlLlul lun or busellne lun deflnes Lhe ugreed uon
scoe, schedule, budgeL und used us u Lool Lo meusure
ro|ecL erformunce
# Execute Pro|ect P|an
S All rogress musL be documenLed und comured wlLh
busellne lun
S Lnd of Lhls huse Lhe ro|ecL musL be dellvered
# C|ose Pro|ect
S lmlemenL sysLem, dellver reorL 8 resenL Lo cllenL
# Eba|uate Pro|ect
S AfLer lmlemenLuLlon, evuluuLe does Lhe ro|ecL meeL lLs
goul (revenue? Lxerlence?
S 1he SLC ls un lnformuLlon sysLems develomenL roducL
llfe cycle whlch reresenLs Lhe sequenLlul huses or sLuges un
lnformuLlon sysLem follows LhroughouL lLs llfe.
S 1he SLC esLubllshes u loglcul order or sequence ln whlch
Lhe sysLem develomenL ucLlvlLles occur und lndlcuLes
wheLher Lo roceed Lo Lhe nexL ucLlvlLy or noL.
S 1he SLC generul lncludes Lhe followlng ucLlvlLles und
huses:
Flgure 1.5
Flgure 1.7
S MeLhod used by comuny deends on slze und comlexlLy of
Lhe ro|ecL.
S LlLher uslng 5tructured or Iteratibe develomenL.
SLrucLured Arouch Lo SysLems evelomenL
atetfall MetloJ
A sequenLlul und sLrucLured wuy of followlng Lhe SLC.
Luch huses of Lhe SLC ls comleLed before movlng on Lo Lhe
nexL. lL should be used when Lhe sysLem belng develoed ls hlghly
sLrucLured und Lhere ure llkely Lo be few chunges ln requlremenLs
once Lhe unulysls huse ls comleLe.
z lLeruLlve evelomenL
S ue Lo SLrucLured dev. Lukes Loo long Lo comleLe
ap|J Appl|cat|oos uevelopmeot (Au)
omptess aoalys|s Jes|qo bo|lJ test |o Jev. ycles
us|oq v|soal Jevelopmeot eov|toomeot (.Net)
tototyp|oq
A roLoLye ullcuLlon ls develoed qulckly (wlLhln duys or weeks
und lmlemenLed und LesLed rlghL uwuy.
lL ls un urorluLe urouch when sysLem requlremenLs ure noL
fully knowuble u fronL or when slgnlflcunL chunge ln requlremenLs
ls unLlcluLed.
lL ls ulso urorluLe when deullng wlLh new Lechnologles whose
cuublllLles ure noL fully known.
p|tal uevelopmeot
hlch Lhe ro|ecL ls broken down lnLo u number of mlnl
ro|ecLs, euch uddresslng one or more mu|or ro|ecL
rlsks.
1hey ure comlex ro|ecLs Lo munuge becuuse Lhere
muy be muny eole worklng on urullel ucLlvlLles
tteme toqtamm|oq
ls Rud develomenL urouch LhuL lnvolves u serles
of verslons of Lhe sysLem culled releuses.
Releuses ure develoed qulckly ln u slmllur fushlon Lo
roLoLylng (wlLhln u few weeks or monLhs.
Luch releuse uddresses one or u few funcLlons LhuL ure u
urL of Lhe full ro|ecL seclflcuLlon.
ueflne
8equlremenLs
ueslgn
8ulld
1esL
MalnLenance
lmplemenL
Flgure 1.6
S A new urouch 8 hllosohy Lo ro|ecL munugemenL LhuL ls
becomlng lncreuslngly oulur. *Aglle sysLem develomenL
S ChurucLerlzes muny of Loduy's ro|ecLs LhuL exemllfy seed,
uncerLulnLy, chunglng requlremenLs, und hlgh rlsks
S 1rudlLlonul ro|ecL munugemenL ofLen Lukes un orderly
urouch whlle, M embruces Lhe fucL LhuL ro|ecLs ure
ofLen chuoLlc und unredlcLuble
S M focuses on flexlblllLy, uduLublllLy, und lnnovuLlon
S 1rudlLlonul und new urouches LogeLher cun rovlde us wlLh
u beLLer undersLundlng of how Lo lmrove Lhe llkellhood of
ro|ecL success
S 1he Culde Lo Lhe ro|ecL MunugemenL 8ody of Knowledge
(M8OK Culde documenLs ro|ecL munugemenL
knowledge ureus
S 1he M8OK Culde ls ubllshed und mulnLulned by Lhe
ro|ecL MunugemenL lnsLlLuLe (Ml
hLL:jjwww.ml.org
S Ml rovldes u cerLlflcuLlon ln ro|ecL munugemenL culled
Lhe ro|ecL MunugemenL rofesslonul (M LhuL muny
eole Loduy belleve wlll be us relevunL us u CA cerLlflcuLlon
S M cerLlflcuLlon requlres LhuL you uss u M cerLlflcuLlon
exum Lo demonsLruLe u level of undersLundlng ubouL ro|ecL
munugemenL, us well us suLlsfy educuLlon 8 exerlence
requlremenLs und ugree Lo u rofesslonul code of conducL
Flgure 1.8