Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Purified Chemical
Proposed as an approved regulated drug
Chemical formula
C20H26N2O
Mol. Wt.
Melting Point Practically insoluble in water.
310.42
152-153
Molecular structure
Politics
The activities within a government or agency or other human endeavor that may include debate and conflict. Prohibition Legalization or Regulation War on Drugs War on Some Drugs War on Drug Users
Drug Politics may be top down from government agencies such as the ONDCP
DEA
FDA
Drug Politics are also bottom up from grassroots organizations such as the SSDP
ICASH logo
Used to attract attention of government officials and media
Nico Adriaans was one of the founders of both the Rotterdam Junkies Union and Dutch Addict Self-Help (DASH). DASH was an ibogaine self-help organization that petitioned the Dutch government and organized drug users to demand ibogaine availability. DASH provided ibogaine at no cost to heroin users.
Policy
A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual
Prejudice
A generally negative preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
Prejudice incorporates
Discrimination
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things.
Stigma
A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person : the stigma of chemical dependence.
Discrimination
Focuses attention on those who produce rejection and exclusion
Stigma
Focuses attention on the victim
Prejudice, stigma and discrimination, in part, determine what drugs will be regulated, what drugs will not be regulated and what medications will be or not be made available to treat chemical dependence
Profit
A financial gain, The difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something : | their eyes brightened at the prospect of profit. Politics Policy Prejudice Science
Profit is a core issue in the pharmaceutical industry whose primary purpose is to return profit to corporate shareholders. This effects what drugs will be developed and the areas of medicine for which drugs will be available.
Science
The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment Politics
Policy
Prejudice Profit
Intellectual Conformity
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) funds 85% of drug addiction research worldwide
The following are examples demonstrating the scientific contention between NIDA and proibogaine researchers that played out between 1988 and 2000.
Xu et al. accomplished research in part at the National Center for Toxicological Research an FDA laboratory. The research demonstrated no neurotoxicity at 25 mg/kg.
A few key papers relating to ibogaine research and second generation ibogaine-like drugs to treat chemical dependence follow. These include
ibogaine effects on opioid narcotics.
Review papers
18-methoxycoronaridine and noribogaine have not been administered to human subjects. Ibogaine remains the only iboga alkaloid that has been shown to be effective in humans, supporting claims made in the original ibogaine patents awarded between 1985 and 1992.
Ibogaine Patents
1. Rapid method for interrupting the narcotic addiction syndrome, US 4,499,096 (1985) 2. Rapid method for interrupting the cocaine and amphetamine abuse syndrome US 4,587,243 (1986) 3. Rapid method for attenuating the alcohol dependency syndrome, US 4,957,523 (1989)
4. Rapid method for interrupting or attenuating the nicotine/tobacco dependency syndrome, US 5,026,697 (1991)
5. Rapid method for interrupting or attenuating poly-drug dependency syndromes, US 5, 124,994 (1992)
2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
Government
Brief comparison of discovery and development of ibogaine, methadone and buprenorphine. All are effective in treating opioid dependence.
Ibogaine NYC 1962 Drug users administer to drug users Multi-receptor activity Methadone NYC 1964 Doctors administer to drugs users Opioid agonist activity Buprenorphine Lexington, KY 1975 Government and industry Co-Development Mixed opioid agonist antagonist activity
Background: Ibogaine
Botanical source Tabernanthe iboga. Used for 100s of years in African medicine and religion 1901 ibogaine isolated by Dybowski and Landrin
Background: Methadone
1937 synthesized by Max Bockmhl and Gustav Ehrhart, I.G. Farbenindustries. Patent issued 1941 1950 use in treatment of opioid abstinence syndrome established in US 1964 use in opioid maintenance therapy 1964 - 1973 Golden age of Dole and Nyswander
Background: Buprenorphine
1965 synthesized by KW Bentley at Reckitt & sons, UK.
Is NIDA responsible for blocking ibogaine? 1994 collaborative research and development agreement for buprenorphine