DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : Dr. BYRI PRABHAKAR
Designation : Sr. Lecturer
Branch : D.C.C.P
Institute : SRRS Govt. Polytechnic,
Sircilla
Year/Semester : IV Semester
Subject : Quantitative Techniques-II
Subject Code : CCP403
Topic : Matrices
Duration : 50 Mts
Sub Topic : Singular, Non – singular,
Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix
Teaching aids : PPT, Animations
CCP403.73 1
Objectives :

On completion of this period, you would be

able to know:

 Singular matrix
 Non singular matrix
 Adjoint matrix
 Inverse of a matrix

CCP403.73 2
Recap :

So far we have learnt

 The determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix

 The procedure to find out the determinant
i.e. the expansion of matrix
 The properties of determinant

CCP403.73 3
Known to Unknown :
What is the determinant ?
 The determinant of a square matrix is sum of
products of the elements of any row or column
with their corresponding cofactors

What is the expansion of a matrix

 The procedure to find out the determinant of a
matrix

Which property is applied if the determinant is

zero
 If two rows or columns are identical
CCP403.73 4
Singular Matrix :
 If the determinant of a square matrix is zero then
it is called a singular matrix
 Ex : A  2 1 5 
 
 2 1 5
 3 2 6
 

2 1 5
A = 2 1 5 =0
3 2 6

Property 3: (Two rows are identical )

Hence, it is a Singular Matrix
CCP403.73 5
Non Singular Matrix :

 If the determinant of a square matrix is not

equal to zero then it is called a Non Singular
Matrix
 3 5
 Ex : A =  
 2 8 

3 5
Δ= A = = 24 – 10 = 14
2 8
14 ≠ 0

∴ it is a Non Singular Matrix

CCP403.73 6
Adjoint Matrix

Definition:

 The transpose of the matrix of cofactors of a

given square matrix is called the adjoint matrix
 If A is any square matrix, the transpose of the
matrix of co-factors of A is called adjoint of A
 It is denoted by Adj. A.

CCP403.73 7
Adjoint Matrix

If  a1 a2 a3 
 
b b2 b3 
A =  1 and its matrix of cofactors
 c c2 c3 
 1 
 A1 A2 A3   A1 B1 C1 
   
 B1 B2 B3   A2 B2 C2 
is   then Adj. A =  A B3 C3 
 C1 C2 C3   3 

CCP403.73 8
Inverse of a Matrix

 If for a square matrix A there exists another

matrix B such that AB = BA = I, then B is called
inverse of A
 It is denoted by A-1
 If the product of two matrices i.e. AB = I ; then
B is called multiplicative Inverse of A

CCP403.73 9
Inverse of a Matrix

 If A = 0 then A-1 does not exist

 Only a Non-Singular Matrix is invertible

 If A ≠ 0 then A-1 = Adj. A

A

CCP403.73 10
Example 1

Find Adjoint and Inverse of the  2 3 

 
 4 6 
Solution to Ex.1
Co factors of the element 2= 6
-3 = -4
4=3
6=2
 6 4 
the matrix of cofactors is  
 3 2 

Adj. A = Transpose of cofactors =  6 3

 
 4 2 

CCP403.73 11
Solution to Ex. 1
2 3
 A = = 12 – (-12) = 24
4 6
Adj.A 1  6 3
A -1
= A =  
24  4 2 

 2 3 
Have you observed that when A =  4 6 
 
 6 3
then adj. A =  
 4 2 

i.e. In Adj.A of2 x2 matrix, the elements in principal

diagonal are interchanged and the sign of the other
elements are changed
CCP403.73 12
Exercise 2

Find out the inverse of  3 2 

 
 4 2 
 3 2 
Sol : If A =  4 2 
 
 2 2
The Adj. A =  
 4 3 
 3 2 
Δ=  = 6 + 8 = 14
 4 2

1 1 2 2
A-1 = adj.A =  
A 14  4 3

CCP403.73 13
Example 3
 1 0 2
Find the Inverse of the matrix A =  
 2 1 0 
 3 2 1
 
 1 0  2 0  2 1
Sol : A  1  0   2  
 2 1  3 1  3 2

 1 1  0  2  2  1
 1 2
3

A is a Non – Singular Matrix. Hence, A-1 exists

CCP403.73 14
Solution to Ex. 3
 Co factors of elements of A
(1-0) -(2-0) (4-3)
-(0-4) (1-6) -(2-0)
(0-2) -(0-4) (1-0)
 1 2 1 
 
∴ Matrix with cofactors  4 5  2 
 2 4 1 
 
 1 4 2 
 
Adj.A   2 5 4 
 1 2 1 
 
 1 4 2 
1 1 1 
A  adj.A   2 5 4 
A 3 
 1 2 1 
CCP403.73 15
  1 2 1
 
Ex 4: Find the Inverse of A   3 2 2
 1 1 2
2 2 3 2 3 2  
Sol: A  1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 1
 1 2  2  4  1 1
 2  8 1
 5
A is non singular matrix, Hence, A-1 exists
Cofactors of elements (4-2) -(6-2) (3-2)
- (4-1) (2-1) -(1-2)
(4-2) -(2-3) (2-6)

CCP403.73 16
Solution to Ex.4

 2 4 1
 
 Matrix of Co-factors =  3 1 1
 2 1 4 
 

 2 3 2 
 
∴ Adj.A   4 1 1 
 1 1 4
 
 2 3 2 
1 Adj.A 1  
∴ A    4 1 1 
A 5  
 1 1 4 

CCP403.73 17
  2 1 4 
 
Ex 5: Find the Inverse of A   4 3 1 
 1 2 1
 
3 1 4 1 4 3
Sol: A 2 1 
2 1 1 1 1 2
 2  5  1 3  4 11
 10  3  44
 37
1
A is non singular matrix, Hence, A exists
Cofactors of elements (-3-2) -(4-1) (8+3)
-(-1-8) (2-4) -(4+1)
(1+12) -(2-16) (-6+4)
CCP403.73 18
Solution to Ex. 5
 5 3 11 
 

 Matrix of Co-factors  9 2 5 
 11 14 2 
 

 5 9 11 
 
∴ Adj.A   3 2 14 
 11 5 2 
 
 5 9 11 
Adj.A 1  
∴ 1
A    3 2 14 
A 37  
 11 5 2 

CCP403.73 19
Summary :
To day we have learnt

 Singular MatrixA = 0
 Non-singular Matrix A ≠ 0
 Adjoint Matrix i.e. Adj.A =
Transpose of Matrix of co-factors of a Matrix
 Inverse Matrix (If AB = BA = I, then B is called
inverse of A and is denoted by A-1)
 A-1 exists only for a non-singular matrix

CCP403.73 20
Quiz

1. A Matrix whose determinant is zero is called

Singular Matrix
_______________

 A-1 can not exists for a non-singular matrix

True
False

CCP403.73 21
Quiz

3. How to find out A-1

 Adj.A/det.A
 det,.A/Adj.A
 AT A
 None

CCP403.73 22
Quiz

4. Which of the following is true if B is the

inverse of A
a) AB = I
b) BA = I
c) AB = BA = I
d) All the above

CCP403.73 23
Frequently Asked Questions :

1. Find the inverse of 4 2 3 Mar/Apr,2008

1 2 1
0 1 5

2. Find the inverse of 0 1 2 Mar/Apr,2007

1 2 3
3 1 1

CCP403.73 24
 Assignment :

1. Find the Inverse of

a)  2 1 2 
 
 1 0 1 
 2 2 1
 
d)  2 2 1 
 
 1 0 2 
 4 1 0
 

CCP403.73 25