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ua||tat|ve kesearch
CuallLaLlve
8esearch
Lthnography
Case Study
narraLlve henomono|og|ca|
Grounded
1heory
2
-arrat|ve kesearch -arrat|ve kesearch
2 2 henomeno|og|ca| henomeno|og|ca| kesearch kesearch
3 3 Grounded 1heory kesearch Grounded 1heory kesearch
4 4 Lthnograph|c kesearch Lthnograph|c kesearch
S S Case Study kesearch Case Study kesearch
-arrat|ve kesearch -arrat|ve kesearch
-k focusses on study|ng one or two |nd|v|dua|s
gather|ng data through the co||ect|on of the|r
stor|es report|ng |nd|v|dua| exper|ences and
chrono|og|ca||y order|ng the mean|ng of those
exper|ences

-arrat|ve kesearch
"-arrat|ve Inqu|ry |s a fa|r|y recent movement |n
qua||tat|ve research It |s an approach to
understand]research the way peop|e make mean|ng of
the|r ||ves as narrat|ves#
W A tool for analysis in the fields of cognitive science, organizational
studies, knowledge theory, sociology and education studies, among
others.
W Can be a good tool of research in highly marginalized societies.
Jhere -arrat|ve Inqu|ry |s used

rocedure for conduct|ng -arrat|ve kesearch

ur 8rand ur 8rand
4) Analyze sLrles and Lhen reframe Lhem lnL a frame wrk LhaL makes sense 4) Analyze sLrles and Lhen reframe Lhem lnL a frame wrk LhaL makes sense
2) SelecL ne r mre lndlvlduals wh have llfe experlence L Lell 2) SelecL ne r mre lndlvlduals wh have llfe experlence L Lell
3) CllecL lnfrmaLln abuL Lhe cnLexL f Lhese sLrles 3) CllecL lnfrmaLln abuL Lhe cnLexL f Lhese sLrles
) CllabraLe wlLh parLlclpanLs by acLlvely lnvlvlng Lhem ) CllabraLe wlLh parLlclpanLs by acLlvely lnvlvlng Lhem
ur 8rand
4) Analyze sLrles and Lhen reframe Lhem lnL a frame wrk LhaL makes sense
2) SelecL ne r mre lndlvlduals wh have llfe experlence L Lell
3) CllecL lnfrmaLln abuL Lhe cnLexL f Lhese sLrles
) CllabraLe wlLh parLlclpanLs by acLlvely lnvlvlng Lhem
1) ueLermlne yur prblem LhaL lL flLs L narraLlve research?
1
ChapLer 4 f bk CuallLaLlve lnqulry and 8esearch ueslgn Chslng Amng llve Appraches by !hn W Cresswell
rocedures for Conduct|ng -k rocedures for Conduct|ng -k
eterm|ne |f the k best f|ts -k to best capture the
deta||ed stor|es or ||fe exper|ences of a s|ng|e ||fe or the
||ves of a sma|| co||ect|on of top|cs
2 Se|ect |nd|v|dua|s who have stor|es or ||fe exper|ences to
te|| and spend t|me w|th them gather|ng the|r stor|es thru
mu|t|p|e types of |nformat|on art|c|pants may record the|r
stor|es |n a [ourna| d|ary or the researcher may observe
and make f|e|d notes kesearcher may record |nd|v|dua|s
||fe exper|ences thru fam||y members fr|ends p|ctures
artfacts etc
3 ata |s co||ected |n the context of the part|c|pants persona|
exper|ences ([obs home) cu|ture (rac|a| ethn|c) and
h|stor|ca| contexts (t|me]p|ace)

4 na|yze the stor|es and reframe that makes sense


kestory|ng |s the process of reorgan|z|ng the stor|es
|nto some genera| type of framework (t|me p|ace
p|ot and scene) and rewr|t|ng |n chrono|og|ca|
orderhas beg|nn|ng m|dd|e and end
S Co||aborate w|th part|c|pants by act|ve|y |nvo|v|ng
them |n the research process s researchers co||ect
stor|es they negot|ate re|at|onsh|ps smooth
trans|t|ons and prov|de ways o be usefu| to the
part|c|pants
re there any Cha||enges??? re there any Cha||enges???
1he k needs to co||ect extens|ve |nformat|on about the
part|c|pants and needs to have a c|ear understand|ng about
the context of the |nd|v|dua|'s ||fe k have to be observant
and a|ert to |dent|fy the exper|ences from the narrat|ves
co||ected
k need to uncover and d|g |nto the mean|ngs of narrat|ons
by ref|ect|ng on the|r own po||t|ca| and persona| background
to 'restory' the account
k shou|d ra|se these quest|ons
W Jho owns the story?
W Jho can te|| |t?
W Jho can change |t?
W Jhose vers|on |s conv|nc|ng?
W Jhat happens when narrat|ves compete?
W s a commun|ty what do stor|es do among us?
henomono|og|ca| henomono|og|ca| kesearch kesearch
k descr|bes the mean|ng for severa| |nd|v|dua|s of
the|r ||ved exper|ences of a concept or a
phenomenon wh|ch |s a common exper|ence ||ke
qrief iio oqer r o experiene /ike
uerqiq bypo urqery
2kesearcher co||ects data from persons who have
gone thru the exper|ences to deve|op a compos|te
descr|pt|on of the essence of the exper|ence for a||
the |nd|v|dua|s It |nc|udes 'what' and 'how' they
exper|enced
rocedures for Conduct|ng k rocedures for Conduct|ng k
kesearcher |dent|f|es part|c|pants w|th common
exper|ences to understand and deve|op common
procedures po||c|es or to deve|op a deeper
understand|ng about the features of the
phenomenon
2 phenomenon |s then |dent|f|ed
3 kesearcher then recogn|zes and spec|f|es the
ph||osoph|ca| assumpt|ons
4 ata are co||ected usua||y thru |ndepth |nterv|ews
(S2S) ata can a|so be co||ected thru observat|on
art taped conversat|ons wr|tten responses nove|s
etc

Dsua||y two broad quest|ons are asked


Jhat have you exper|enced |n terms of the
phenomenon?
Jhat contexts]s|tuat|ons have |nf|uenced or
affected your exper|ences of the phenomenon?
rocedures for ata na|ys|s rocedures for ata na|ys|s
1 8esearcher bullds n Lhe Lw brad quesLlns L analyze Lhe
daLa and hlghllghLs 'slgnlflcanL sLaLemenLs' senLences r
quLes LhaL prvlde an undersLandlng f hw Lhe
parLlclpanLs experlenced Lhe phenmenn L develp a
clusLer f meanlngs and frm Lhese sLaLemenL Lhemes are
develped
2 1hese slgnlflcanL sLaLemenL/Lhemes are used L wrlLe a
descrlpLln f whaL Lhe parLlclpanLs experlenced 8 may als
wrlLe abuL Lhelr wn experlences cnLexL and slLuaLlns
Lhey have experlenced ln Lhelr llfe
3 lrm Lhe sLrucLural and LexLural descrlpLlns Lhe researcher
develps Lhemes fr analysls
Cha||enges Cha||enges
kesearcher has to have some understand|ng of the
broader ph||osoph|ca| assumpt|ons
2 1he part|c|pants have to be carefu||y chosen to be
|nd|v|dua|s who have exper|enced the
phenomenon |n quest|on to enab|e researcher to
forge a common understand|ng
3 |ff|cu|t to bracket persona| exper|ences so has to
perhaps has to dec|de how and |n what way
h|s]her persona| understand|ng w||| be |ntroduced
|n the study
ueLermlnaLln f 8esearch rblem
1hrugh PrlznallzaLln develp clusLer f meanlngs
ldenLlfylng lnLeresL f SLudy
8rackeLlng uL 8esearchers wn experlences
uaLa cllecLln Lhrugh lndepLh lnLervlews
resenL Lssence f henmenn Lhrugh sLrucLural and LexLural
descrlpLlns
rocess rocess
ltTR00uCTl0t.
runded 1hery ls a research meLhd develped by laser
and SLrauss (19)
0FFltlTl0t.
runded 1hery ls msL accuraLely descrlbed as a research
meLhd ln whlch Lhe Lhery ls develped frm Lhe daLa
raLher Lhan Lhe Lher way arund 1haL makes Lhls ls an
lnducLlve apprach meanlng LhaL lL mves frm Lhe speclflc
L Lhe mre general
Grounded 1heory kesearch Grounded 1heory kesearch
G1k moves beyond descr|pt|on to generate and
d|scover a theory or schema of a process
art|c|pants wou|d have exper|enced the
process ad the dev of theory m|ght he|p exp|a|n
the pract|ce or process
2 1he theory |s grounded or generated |n data
from the part|c|pants
3 1hus G1k |s a qua||tat|ve research des|gn |n
wh|ch the |nqu|rer generates a genera|
exp|anat|on (theory) of a process act|on or
|nteract|on shaped by the v|ews of a |arge
number of part|c|pants
rocedures for Conduct|ng G1k rocedures for Conduct|ng G1k
k determ|nes |f G1 |s su|ted for the research prob|em |e
when theory |s not ava||ab|e to exp|a|n the process 1he
||terature may have mode|s but they may not be su|tab|e
for the prob|em |n hand |so theor|es may be ava||ab|e
but they are |ncomp|ete because they do not address the
var|ab|es
2 k w||| f|nd out how part|c|pants exper|ence the process
1he k returns back to the f|e|d and asks more quest|ons
to he|p shape the ax|a| cod|ng thru |nterv|ews
observat|ons documents etc 2030 or S060 |nterv|ews
3 ata |s coded categor|es are formed by segment|ng |nfo
J|th|n each category subcategor|es are |dent|f|ed

4 I|na||y the researcher may deve|op a matr|x


that shows soc|a| h|stor|ca| and econom|c
cond|t|ons |nf|uenc|ng the centra| phenomenon
S 1he resu|t of th|s process |s the dev of a theory
thru the process of memo|ngwhereby the
researcher wr|tes down |deas about the evo|v|ng
theory
Lthnograph|c kesearch Lthnograph|c kesearch
In Lk the researcher descr|bes and |nterprets
the shared and |earned patterns of va|ues
behav|ours be||efs and |anguage power
res|stance doma|n etc of a cu|tureshar|ng
group]commun|ty
s a process Lk |nvo|ves extended observat|ons
of a group most often thru part|c|pant
observat|ons |n wh|ch the researcher |s
|mmersed |n daytoday ||ves of the peop|e and
observe and |nterv|ew part|c|pants Lk stud|es
the mean|ng of behav|our the |anguage and the
|nteract|on among members of the cu|ture
shar|ng group
rocedure for Conduct|ng Lk rocedure for Conduct|ng Lk
eterm|ne |f Lk |s the most appropr|ate des|gn for
your study prob|em
2 Ident|fy the group to study
3 Gatekeepers or key |nformants have to be |dent|f|ed
from the group to a||ow access to the group
4 Ident|fy |ssues re|evant to that group
S Gather |nfo where the grou
6 1he f|na| product |s a ho||st|c cu|tura| portra|t of the
group
Cha||enges Cha||enges
kesearcher needs to have a base |n cu|tura|
anthropo|ogy
2 1he data co||ect|on t|me |s extens|ve wh|ch means
be|ng |n the f|e|d
3 ata |s wr|tten |n narrat|vesstory te|||ng approach
wh|ch m|ght be cha||eng|ng
Case Study kesearch Case Study kesearch
CSk |s a qua||tat|ve approach |n wh|ch an
|nvest|gator exp|ores a boundedsystem (a case) or
mu|t|p|e bounded system systems (cases) over t|me
through deta||ed |ndepth data co||ect|on |nvo|v|ng
observat|ons |nterv|ews aud|ov|sua| mater|a|
documentary ana|ys|s and reports a case
descr|pt|on and case based themes
CSk |s popu|ar |n med|c|ne |aw bus|ness po||t|ca|
sc|ence psycho|ogy etc
rocedure for Conduct|ng CS rocedure for Conduct|ng CS
eterm|ne |f CS |s the most appropr|ate des|gn for your study
prob|em
2 Ident|fy case or cases (w|th|n a boundary) to be stud|ed
1hese may be |nd|v|dua| severa| |nd|v|dua|s a program an
event]act|v|ty 1hese can be s|ng|e or co||ect|ve mu|t|s|ted or
w|th|ns|te focused on a case or an |ssue
3 Cases se|ected shou|d be purposefu|ord|nary cases
access|b|e cases or unusua| cases
4 ata based on observat|ons |nterv|ews aud|ov|sua|
mater|a|s documents art|facts etc deta||ed descr|pt|on
emerges re h|story of the case chrono|ogy of events dayby
day render|ng of the act|v|ty
S Issues w|th|n each case can be |dent|f|ed to |ook for common
themes that transcends the cases for w|th|ncaseana|ys|s and
crosscaseana|ys|s
Cha||enges Cha||enges
kesearcher shou|d |dent|fy case(s) and quest|on |f
the cases are worthy of study
2 S|ng|e or mu|t|p|e cases?????
3 1he more cases a researcher stud|es the |ess the
depth |n each case
4 Jhen researcher chooses mu|t|p|e cases "now
many cases?# becomes an |ssue Iour or f|ve |s the
max|mum
S ec|d|ng the 'boundar|es' (c|ean beg|nn|ng and
end|ng po|nts) of a casehow |t m|ght be constra|ned
|n terms of t|me events and process may be
cha||eng|ng

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