24-Nov-11 1

Conf. Ph.D. Eng. LIGIA PETRESCU

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2
24-Nov-11
STRAIGHT LINE IN DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY
y
x
z
[V]
[H]
[L]
0
H=h
h"
h'
v
d
D
d'
V=v'
L=l"
v"
l
d"
l'
Fig. .1
); ; ; 0 ( ; | |
); ; 0 ; ( ; | |
) 0 ; ; ( ; | |
: y L L L D
: x J J J D
y x H H H D
=
=
=

3
24-Nov-11
.1 LINE' TRACES. POINT LOCATED ON A STRAIGHT LINE.

,
|

; " d " m
; ' d ' m
; d m
D M
y
x
z
[V]
[H]
[L]
0
m'
x
m
z
m
m
m"
y
m1
y
m
y
1
L=l"
V=v'
l'
v"
l
v
h'
h"
H=h
d'
d"
d
y=0
x=0
x=0
z=0
x=0
z=0
Fig. .2
); ; ; 0 ( ; | |
); ; 0 ; ( ; | |
) 0 ; ; ( ; | |
: y L L L D
: x J J J D
y x H H H D
=
=
=

4
24-Nov-11
.2 PARTICULAR POSITIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE
They are two types of particular positions for a line:
Straight Iine paraIIeI to a pIane of projections;
Straight Iine paraIIeI to two pIanes of
projections,
that means perpendicuIar to the third.
5
24-Nov-11
STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE HORIZONTAL PLANE [H],
is named horizontal line or level line and
it has all its points to the same distance from the plane [H]:

,
|
; y 0 || " n
; x 0 || ' n
1
] H [ || ) " n ; ' n ; n ( N z = .onst.
Fig. .
z
n' v' a' b' v" l' a" b" l" n"
x v 0 y
1
.
a
b

l n
y

,
|
=
=
=
8:e true
8:e true
y n
x n
AB ab

; 0 ,, "
; 0 ,, '
1
6
24-Nov-11
STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE VERTICAL PLANE [V],
is named 1rontal line and
it has all its points to the same distance from the plane [V]:
] V [ || ) " f ; ' f ; f ( F

,
|
; z 0 || " f
; x 0 || f
y = .onst.
z
f'
l' l"
b' b"
- a' a"
x h' 0 h" y
1
f"
h a b l
f
y
Fig. .4

,
|
=
=
=
8:e true
8:e true
: f
x f
AB b a

; 0 ,, "
; 0 ,,
' '
7
24-Nov-11
STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE LATERAL PLANE [L],
is named 5ro1ile line and
has all its points to the same distance from the plane [L]:
] L [ || ) " d ; ' d ; d ( D

,
|
; y 0 || d
; z 0 || ' d
x = .onst.
Fig. .5
z
d'
v' v" .
a' a"
b' b" -
x v h' 0 h" y
1
a d"
b
h
d y

,
|
=
=
=
8:e true
8:e true
y d
: d
AB b a
-
.

; 0 ,,
; 0 ,, '
" "
8
24-Nov-11
a"
z
h'
b"
x
y
1
y
Fig. .6
a'
b'
h"
STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANE [H],
is in the same time parallel to [V] and [L] plane, which means
it has all properties of the frontal and profile line.
This line is named vertical line.
=

,
|
=
=
1
. const x
const y
j L [ j J [ [[ j H [ ) " ; ' ; ( A o o o A
) )
)
)

,
|
o
1 o
1 o
= =
o o
H h b a
y 0 " " b " a
x 0 ' ' b ' a
AB " b " a ' b ' a
" " b " a || z 0 || ' ' b ' a
1
o , -
" o ' o
9
24-Nov-11
STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE VERTICAL PLANE [V],
is in the same time parallel to the planes [H] and [L], which means
it has all properties of the level and profile line.
This line is named "end" line in the vertical projection it's seen its end),
=

,
|
=
=
1
. const x
const z
j L [ j H [ [[ j J [ ) " ; ' ; ( A o o o A
0
Fig. .7
y
1
z
v
v"
x
y
' v ' - ' , ' o
" o
o
a" b"
a
b
) )
)
)

,
|
o
1 o
1 o
= =
o o
V ' v ' b ' a '
z 0 " " b " a
x 0 ab
AB " b " a ab
y 0 || " " b " a ; y 0 || ab
1
10
24-Nov-11
STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE LATERAL PLANE [L],
is in the same time parallel to the planes [V] and [H], to the axis too, that means
it has all properties of the level and frontal line.
This line is named 1ronto-horizontal line.
=
|
,
|
=
=
A 1 o o o A
. const z
. const y
] H [ ] V [ || ] L [ ) " ; ' ; (
y
1
l'
b
z
l
0
x
y
a
Fig. .8
' o " l " - " , " o
o
a' b'
)
)

,
|

1
1
= =
J ' v ' - ' , '
z " " - " ,
x ,-
" - " , ,-
y [[ " - " , ; y [[ ,-

o
o
o
11
24-Nov-11
. RELATIVE POSITIONS OF TWO STRAIGHT LINES
n space, two straight lines can have tree types of relationship, defined by
specific properties, which make them differences.
ParaIIeI Iines;
Intersected Iines;
Skew Iines.
INTERSECTED LINES PARALLEL LINES

,
|
o
o
o
A
" || " d
' || ' d
|| d
|| D

,
|
= o
= o
= o
= A
" i " " d
' i ' ' d
i d
I D

i
i' i"
0
o
d
z z
d' d" d' d"
o' o"
o' o"
x y
1
x y
1
0
o
d
y y
a). b).
Fig. .9
12
24-Nov-11
PERPENDICULAR LINES are a particular case of intersected Iines. Generally,
perpendicularity is distorted by projecting. Only when one of the two intersecting
lines is a particular one, this relationship is preserved. According to the right
angle o1 two straight lines theorem, this 90 degrees angle is projected in true
size on the projection plane with which the particular line is parallel. n this way:

n A o A 1 1
' ' f F
2 2
o A 1 1 " " d D
3 3
o A 1 1
Fig. .10
a). b). c).
o
3
'
i
0
h' = v
d'
o 3
d
d"
o
3
"
i"
i'
i
'
1
o
' n
n
1
o
' f
'
2
o
2
o
f
i
i'
i'
13
24-Nov-11
f the particular line is two time particuIar ig. 3.6; 3.7; 3.8), then the second
line is a particuIar one too and their relationship of perpendicularity is shown in
two projections:
- a vertical line:
- an end line:
- a fronto-horizontal line:

,
|
1
1
A A 1
" "
' '
3 3
3 3
3 3 3
o
o
d
d
lne profle D
)

,
|
1
1
A A 1
" "
' '
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
o
o
d
d
F lne frontal D
)

,
|
1
1
A A 1
" "
' '
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
o
o
d
d
N lne level D
14
24-Nov-11
SKEW LINES are neither parallel neither intersected lines. Their projections
seems to intersect, but is only an appearance
1=2
4
3
2'
3'=4'
1'
0 x
Fig. .11
15
24-Nov-11
4 REPRESENTATION OF A PLANE
Fig. 4.1
x
z
y
[V]
[H]
[L]
P
z
P
x
P
y
[P]
0
!
H
!
L
!
J
Fig. 4.2
x
z
y
[H]
y
1
P
z
P
y
1
P
L
5
l
"
P
V
5
v
'
P
H
5
h
P
x
P
y
5
l
5
h
"
5
l
' 5
v
"
5
v
5
h
'
5
h
"
0
5
l
[L] [V]
)
)
) laterala urma P L P
vert.ala urma P J P
or:ontala urma P H P
L
J
H
; | |
; | |
; | |
=
=
=

16
24-Nov-11
4.1 LINE AND POINT LYING IN A PLANE
)
|
,
|

' p ' v
p h
P D
v
h
) )

,
|

;
d m
d m
d m
P D M P M
Fig. 4.
x
z
y
P
H
5
h
H h
P
L
5
l
"
[V]
[H]
[L]
P
z
P
x
P
y
P
V
5
v
'
V v'
0
[P]
v h'
v"
M
m'
m
m"
h"
Fig. 4.4
x
z
[V]
[H]
y
y
1
0
d'
m'
v
v"
h'
m
d
5
h
H h
5
l
"
d"
m"
h"
P
y1
P
y
P
z
P
x
5
v
'
V v'
[L]
17
24-Nov-11
4.2 WAYS TO SPECIFY A PLANE
W two parallel lines;
W two intersecting lines;
W three points;
W line of the greatest angle LGA / [H];
W line of the greatest angle LGA / [V].
%he line of the greatest angle is a straight line of the plane which forms
with one of the projections plane to which is define LGA) the greatest
angle.
18
24-Nov-11
Specifying a pIane by two paraIIeI Iines
P
x
v
2
'
v
1
'
v
2
h
2
' v
1
h
1
'
x
0
h
1
h
2
' o
' d
d
o

5
' 5
v
Fig. 4.5
The pIane specified
by three points
!
x
, H
1
i V
1
.
) P
p v P
p h P
v x
h x

)
`

|
,
|

' '
1
1
) )
) )
h
h
p h P but H H
p h P D but H H D
A = A
=
2 2
1 1

h
p h h
)
`

2 1
) )
) ) ' '
' '
2 2
1 1
v
v
p v P but J J
p v P D but J J D
A = A
=

' ' '

2 1 v
p v v
)
`

19
24-Nov-11
Specifying a pIane by two intersecting Iines;
The pIane specified
by three points
!
x
, H
1
i V
1
.
h
2
'
x
P
x
v
2
'
v
1
'
i'
h
1
' v
2
v
1
0
h
2
i
h
1
' 5
v

5
' o
' d
d
o
) P
p v P
p h P
v x
h x

)
`

|
,
|

' '
1
1
Fig. 4.6
) )
) )
h
h
p h P but H H
p h P D but H H D
A = A
=
2 2
1 1

h
p h h
)
`

2 1
) )
) ) ' '
' '
2 2
1 1
v
v
p v P but J J
p v P D but J J D
A = A
=

' ' '

2 1 v
p v v
)
`

20
24-Nov-11
4. PARTICULAR LINES OF A PLANE
FrontaI Iines of a pIane
HorizontaI Iines of a pIane
Fig. 4.11
h
h
1
h
1
'
h'
P
x
x
0
' 5
v

5
f

'
f'
f
P
x
v
1
'
v'
v
1 v
x 0
' n
n
' n

' 5
v

5
n
Fig. 4.10
) )
|
,
|
/ n/
=

h h
v
n p n p n h
p n v
P N H N
,, ,,
' ' '
,,

) )
|
,
|
/ n/
=

' ,, ' ,, ' ' ' '
,,
v v
h
f p f p f v
p f h
P F J F

21
24-Nov-11
4.4 PARTICULAR POSITION OF A PLANE
Like the lines too, planes have particular position with
projection planes, each other:
- ParaIIeI pIane with a projection pIane and perpendicular to
the other two;
- PerpendicuIar pIane to a projection pIane .
22
24-Nov-11
THE LEVEL PLANE [N] : z = .onst.
z
y
x
[V]
[H]
[L]
b' c' a'
N
V
n
v
'
b"
N
z
b
a"
a
c"
c
B
A
C
N
L
n
l
"
[N]
0
Fig. 4.12
Fig. 4.1
z
a" c" b" a' b' c'
N
z
x y
1
0
c
a
b
y
'
v
n
l
n
23
24-Nov-11
THE FRONTAL PLANE [F]: y = .onst.
Fig. 4.14
z
y
x
[V]
[H]
[L]
F
y
a c b
b"
a"
c"
F
L
f
l
"
[F]
A
C
b'
c'
a'
B
F f
H h

b"
c'
z
a"
c"
a'
b'
F
y1
F
y
x y
1
0
c
a
b
y
Fig. 4.15
"
l
f
h
f
24
24-Nov-11
THE PROFILE PLANE [P] : x = .onst.
) )

,
|

A = A

)
`

=
y p ab.
: p . b a
ABC . b a
.on8t x
L P
l
v
0 ,, "
0 ,, ' ' ' '
" " "
,,
z
[V]
y
x
[L]
b'
c'
a'
P
x
P
V
5
v
'
b"
a"
c"
B
A
C
[P]
0
a
b
c
P
H
5
h [H]
Fig. 4.16
'
v
p
h
p
Fig. 4.17
z
a"
c"
b"
a'
b'
c'
P
x
x y
1
0
c
a
b
y
25
24-Nov-11
THE VERTICAL PLANE [Q]
Fig. 4.18
z
[V]
y
x
[L]
[H]
Q
x
Q
L
6
l
"
Q
y
Q
V
6
v
'
B
b'
b"
c'
a" a'
c"
A
C
Q
H
6
h
[Q]
0
a
b
c

26
24-Nov-11
a"
y
z
y
1
b" b'
c'
a'
c"
x
a
b
c
Q
y1
Q
y
Q
x
0
Fig. 4.19

'
v
q
"
l
q
h
q
) ) =
) ) =

,
|
.
.
1
1
A
L Q
J Q
y q
x q
q ab.
l
v
h
;
;

0 "
0 '
1

.
27
24-Nov-11
THE "END" PLANE [R] 1[V]
z
y
x
[L]
[H]
b'
c'
a'
R
x
R
L
r
l
"
R
V
r
v
'
B
b"
a"
c"
A
b
a
c
C
R
H
r
h
[R]
0
[V]
R
z
Fig. 4.20

-

28
24-Nov-11
Fig. 4.21
y
z
y
1
a"
b" b'
c'
a'
c"
x
a
b
c
R
z
R
x
0

-
'
v
r
"
l
r
h
r
29
24-Nov-11
THE PLANE PARALLEL TO AXIS - [S] x
z
[V]
y
x
[L]
[H]
S
V
s
v
'
S
L
s
l
"
S
z
b"
a"
c"
S
y
B
b'
c'
a'
b
a
c
A
C
S
H
s
h
[S]
0
Fig. 4.22

-
30
24-Nov-11
Fig. 4.2
y
z
y
1
a"
b"
b'
c'
a'
c"
x
0
a
b
c
S
y1
S
y
S
z
-

.
"
l
8
h
8
+
v
8
) ) =
) ) =

,
|
.
.
1
1
A
H S
J S
y 8
: 8
8 . b a
h
v
l
;
;

0
0 '
" " " "
-
.
31
24-Nov-11
. Given the points A0; 1; 2), B10; -10; 60) and C70; -1; 40), construct
the plane [P] traces), defined by the three points.
1
2
HOME WORK HW- 02: STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE
1. They are given the points: A70; 30; 3) and B4; 1; 10). Obtain the
traces H and V of the line define by the points A and B.
2. Given the points A110; 30; 20), B30; 4; 2), and M80; 60; -), N4;
1; z), construct two intersecting lines in a point I.
32
24-Nov-11
. Given the points M0; y; 20), A20; 40; z) and the plane [P] defined by
points: Px100; 0; 0), H30; 80; 0), V30; 0; ), construct: ,
and the parallelogram [ABCD], with the point M, intersection
of the diagonals and AB=40mm, located on a level line of the plane [P].
LAB L- 02: STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE
1. Given the points: A3; 40; 10) and B0; 1; 30), which define the line ,
and the point M80; 40; 10), is asked:
-the projections of the line ; thru M draw a line and a line =I, if
I is located between A and B;
-the traces of the line .
2. They are given the points: A10; 2; 40), B3; ; 10) and M70; 0; 40).
Construct the rhombus [ABCD], if one of its diagonals is located on the line
defined by the points A and M.
D A

[[ D A
2
D
D
)

z !
)
M
y ! M
1
2