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Symptom Index
S ymptom Index
Moderate fit
Points clustered closely around a line show a strong correlation. The line is a good predictor (good fit) with the data. The more spread out the points, the weaker the correlation, and the less good the fit. The line is a REGRESSSION line (Y = bX + a)
strong correlation: r > .70 or r < .70 moderate correlation: r is between .30 & .70 or r is between .30 and .70 weak correlation: r is between 0 and .30 or r is between 0 and .30 .
Cor relations age A GE OF RESPONDE NT 1 rincome RESPONDEN TS INCOME .173** .000 2803 1798 .173** 1 .000 1798 1801
age A GE OF RESPONDE NT 1
rincome RESPONDEN TS INCOME .173** .000 2803 1798 .173** 1 .000 1798 1801
p-value (Significance) is on the second line p < .001 (whenever SPSS shows .000)
Relationship is significant Reject H0
Scatterplot might not look promising at first Double click on chart to open a CHART EDIT window
BINS
Dot size now shows number of cases with each pair of X, Y values
Edited Scatterplot
Distribution of cases shown by dots (bins) Trend shown by fit line.
Regression
Regression predicts the Dependent Variable based on the Independent Variable
Computes best-fit line for prediction Output includes slope and intercept for line
Regression Output
Model Sum m ary Model 1 R .173 a R Square .030 Adjusted R Square .029 Std. Error of the Estimate 2.838 a. Predictors: (Constant), age AGE OF RESPONDENT
a. Predictors: (Constant), age AGE OF RESPONDENT b. Dependent Variable: rincome RESPONDENTS INCOME
a Coe fficients
Model 1
t 39.598 7.440
ANOVA Table
ANOVAb Model 1 Sum of Squares 445.824 14463.845 14909.669 df 1 1796 1797 Mean Square 445.824 8.053 F 55.359 Sig. .000 a Regression Residual Total
a. Predictors: (Constant), age AGE OF RESPONDENT b. Dependent Variable: rincome RESPONDENTS INCOME
Regression SS refers to variability related to the Independent Variable the treatment Residual SS refers to variability not related to the Independent Variable the error or chance element. For regression, df for treatment is 1 per variable Compute MS and F in the same way as ANOVA If p-value (Sig) < the Regression line fits the data better than a flat line; the relationship is significant.
Model 1
t 39.598 7.440
Effect Size: R2
In regression, the effect size is similar to 2 in ANOVA SSregression /SStotal Represented by R2 (capital R) For simple regression (one variable) use the R-Square figure.
Model Sum m ary Model 1 R .173 a R Square .030 Adjusted R Square .029 Std. Error of the Estimate 2.838
Sample Write-Up
Data from the 2004 General Social Survey were used to explore the relationship between age and income, as most Americans expect to earn more money after years in the workforce. Respondents age showed a weak positive correlation (r = .173, p < .001) with income level. Linear regression demonstrated a significant positive relationship (F(1,1796) = 55.359, p < .001). Income increased approximately one-third of an income level for each increased decade of age (b = .037). Due to the large range of income levels at every age (see Figure 1), age only accounts for 3% of the variability of income levels. Older people do tend to earn higher incomes, but other characteristics are probably a better predictor of income than age.