REDUCTION

- Consists in changing a syllogism of an imperfect

figure to a syllogism of the first figure.

PURPOSE: To show that the imperfect figures participate in the demonstrative force of the first figure. To render our knowledge of the categorical syllogism scientific by enabling us to see more clearly how the same set of principles regulates all categorical syllogisms of all figures.

2 TYPES OF REDUCTION: Direct - Changing a syllogism of an imperfect figure to one of the first figure that is the exact equivalent of the original syllogism. Ex.
(ORIGINAL) (REDUCED) No angel is a dog; E No dog is an angel; But every hound is a dog; A But every hound is a dog; Therefore, no hound is an angel. Therefore, no hound is an E angel.

 Indirect - if the consequent is false, the antecedent is false and

consists in showing by a syllogism of the first figure that the denial of the conclusion of a syllogism of an imperfect figure leads to a denial of one of its premises. Ex. (ORIGINAL) (REDUCED)
All hounds are dogs; But some animals are not A O dogs; Therefore, some animals are O not hounds.

All hounds are dogs; A But all animals are hounds; A Therefore, all animals are A dogs.

MNEMONIC VERSES
First figure 4 valid moods Barbara-AAA Celarent-EAE

Second figure 4 valid moods Cesare-EAE Camestres-AEE Festino-EIO Baroco-AOO

Third figure 6 valid moods Darapti-AAI Disamis-IAI Datisi-AII Felapton-EAO Bocardo-OAO Ferison-EIO

Fourth figure 5 valid moods Bramantip-AAI Camenes-AEE Dimaris-IAI Fesapo-EAO Fresison-EIO

Darii-AII
Ferio-EIO

Direct Reduction
fEstInO to fErIO fElAptOn to fErIO fErIsOn to fErIO fEsApO to fErIO frEsIsOn to fErIO cEsArE to cElArEnt cAmEstrEs to cElArEnt cAmEnEs to cElArEnt

Indirect Reduction
bArOcO to bArbArA bOcArdO to bArbArA

dArAptI to dArII dAtIsI to dArII dIsAmIs to dArII dImArIs to dArII

 1. Each mood begins with one of these four

letters:

B, C, D, F
Moods in figures 2, 3 and 4 beginning with one

of these letters maybe reduced to the mood of the First Figure having the same initial.
The consonants s, p, m and c are key

consonants indicating the logical operation to be performed in order to obtain a syllogism in one of the four moods of the first figure.

 s simple conversion = the proposition

symbolized by the vowel preceding s should be converted simply

Figure 2

( fEstInO) No terrorists are virtuous. Some policemen are virtuous. Some policemen are not terrorists. Reduction to Figure 1 (fErIO) No virtuous are terrorists. Some policemen are virtuous. Some policemen are not terrorists. * The vowel E is followed by s signifying that the major premise must undergo simple conversion.

 p - per accidens (accidental conversion) = the

proposition signified by the vowel preceding p should be converted in such a manner that from universal it becomes particular and vice versa. Figure3 ( dArAptI ) All Dominican priests are cerebral. All Dominican priests are deep thinkers. Some deep thinkers are cerebral. Reduction to Figure 1 ( dArII ) All Dominican priests are cerebral. Some deep thinkers are Dominican priests. Some deep thinkers are cerebral. * The vowel A is followed by p signifying that the minor premise must undergo accidental conversion.

 m - mutation = the original major premise must

occupy the place of the new minor premise; and the original minor premise must occupy the place of the new major premise.
Figure 4

(dImArIs) Some lawyers are liars. All liars are immoral. Some immoral are lawyers. Reduction to Figure 1 ( dArII) All liars are immoral. Some lawyers are liars. Some lawyers are immoral *The consonant m is between the vowels I and A

 c = contradictory of the original conclusion the

contradictory of the original conclusion is to be substituted for the contradictory of the premise preceding c Figure 2 ( bArOcO) All Filipinos are hospitable. Some youth delegates are not hospitable. Some youth delegates are not Filipinos.
Reduction to Figure 1 ( bArbArA)

All Filipinos are hospitable. All youth delegates are Filipinos. All youth delegates are hospitable.

DIRECT REDUCTION - consists in changing a syllogism of an imperfect figure to one of the first figure that is exactly equivalent to the original syllogism

Example 1: CAMESTRES (a syllogism of the second figure) The C of CAMESTRES indicates that the syllogism is to be reduced to CELARENT. Original syllogism 1.) All true democracies are free countries; (A) But no totalitarian states are free countries; (E) Therefore no totalitarian states are true democracies. (E)

M comes after A, thus, the premises must be interchanged. 2.)No totalitarian states are free countries; (E) But all true democracies are free countries; (A) Therefore no totalitarian states are true democracies. (E)

First S comes after the first E, the original minor premise, thus, the proposition must be converted by simple conversion. 3.)No free countries are totalitarian states; (E) But all true democracies are free countries; (A) Therefore no totalitarian states are true democracies. (E)

Second S comes after the second E, the conclusion, thus, the proposition must be converted by simple conversion. 4.)No free countries are totalitarian states; (E) But all true democracies are free countries; (A) Therefore no true democracies are totalitarian states. (E)

Example 2: DARAPTI (a syllogism of the second figure) The D of DARAPTI indicates that the syllogism is to be reduced to DARII. Original syllogism 1.) Potassium floats on water; (A) But potassium is a metal; (A) Therefore some metal floats on water. (I)

P comes after the second A, thus, the proposition's quality must be changed. 2.) Potassium floats on water; (A) But some metal is potassium; (I) Therefore some metal floats on water. (I)

Example 3: DISAMIS (a syllogism of the the third figure) The D of DISAMIS indicates that the syllogism is to be reduced to DARII. Original syllogism 1.) Some toys are educational; (I) But all toys provide enjoyment; (A) Therefore some toys that provide enjoyment are useful things. (I)

S comes after the first I, thus, the proposition must be converted by simple conversion. 2.) Some educational things are toys; (I) But all toys provide enjoyment; (A) Therefore some toys that provide enjoyment are useful things. (I)

M comes after A, thus, the premises must be interchanged. 3.) All toys provide enjoyment; (A) But some educational things are toys; (I) Therefore some toys that provide enjoyment are useful things. (I)

S comes after the second I, the conclusion, thus, the proposition must be converted by simple conversion. 4.) All toys provide enjoyment; (A) But some useful things are toys; (I) Therefore some useful things provide enjoyment. (I)

INDIRECT REDUCTION

>when a small c occurs in the body of a word, means that the mood cannot be reduced directly but only indirectly. > the contradictory of the conclusion is to be substituted for the premise indicated by the vowel after which the c is placed.

-Bocardo -Baroco examples: (Baroco) a. retain the original major premise. b. use the contradictory of the conclusion as the minor premise. c. use the contradictory of the original minor premise as your conclusion.

Baroco All birds have feathers; but some flying animals do not have feathers; therefore, some flying animals are not birds. Barbara All birds have feathers; but all flying animals are birds; therefore, all flying animals have feathers.

A O O

A A A

Figure 3 bOcArdO
Some government employees are not punctual. All government employees are candidates for promotion. Some candidates for promotion are not punctual. Reduction to Figure 1 bArbAra All candidates for promotion are punctual. All government employees are candidates for promotion. All government employees are punctual.