Safety Risk Assessment Of Toxic Release Of Chlorine Gas

Project Supervisor: Mr. S. Bajpai

Praveen Garg Kaur 08112055 CHE, final year

Kirninderjeet
08110009 CHE, final year

Introduction
includes:
Incident identification and Consequence analysis. 1) Incident identification describes How an accident occurs. Includes analysis of the probabilities of occurrence. 2) Consequence analysis describes Expected potential damage. Includes loss of life, damage to the environment or capital equipment.

 Chlorine is a toxic gas that irritates pulmonary system, with intermediate water solubility. Chlorine gas, also known as bertholite, was first used as a weapon in World War I. Heavier than air, and hence tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. Strong oxidizer, which may react with flammable materials. Release of chlorine gas causes deaths and injuries to workers and the public, resulting in the evacuation of communities and adversely affecting the environment as a whole.

In this project, we will: Review probability mathematics, including the mathematics of equipment failure, Show how the failure probabilities of individual hardware components contribute to the failure of a process using Fault Trees. Calculate concentration of chlorine released in different locations using Air Dispersion Modeling, Compare the results (as obtained by air dispersion modeling) as per DOW CEI.

Literature Review
S.No. Author Field Software Used Methodology 1. Hyo Kim, Jae-Sun Risk Assessment of Koh, Youngsoo Kim Membrane Type and Theofanius G. LNG Storage Tanks Theofanous et al. 2004 Mark Brandyberry and George Apostolakis et al. 1989 Raymond H. Myers Andre I. Khuri Walter H. Carter, Jr. et al. Saari Mustapha ,Tan Chye Hee, Mohanad El-Harbawi, Abdul Rashid Shariff, Thomas S.Y. Choong, Fire Risk Analysis COMPBRN Fault Tree Analysis

2.

Response Surface Methodology Response Surface Methodology

3.

Overview of Response Surface Methodology Chlorine incident and its toxic hazardous chemical release impact in the GIS software (GeoMedia Professional 5.1)

4.

Air Dispersion Modeling

PROPOSED METHODOLOGIES
Conventional Approaches

Modern Approaches

FAULT TREES
Fault trees are a deductive method for identifying ways in which hazards can lead to accidents.
The approach starts with a well-defined accident, or top event, and works backward toward the various scenarios that can cause the accident. The contributing causes are either basic or intermediate events. The basic events are events that cannot be defined further, and intermediate events are events that can. These events are connected to the top event by AND or OR logic function.

EVENT TREES
Event trees begin with an initiating event and work toward a final result. The method provides information on how a failure can occur and the probability of occurrence. Steps in an event tree analysis : identify an initiating event of interest, identify the safety functions designed to deal with the initiating event, construct the event tree, and describe the resulting accident event sequences. The event tree can be used quantitatively if data are available on the failure rates of the safety functions and the occurrence rate of the initiation event.

FACTORIAL DESIGN AND RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

A structured method for combining the ranges of the independent variables into a set of experiments which sample the range of each independent variable. Each independent variable is assigned two values or levels(high and low). Each pair of levels are combined with all other pairs to yield 2k experiments. This type of design can be used to reduce the number of necessary experiments. is useful for the modeling and analysis of programs in which a response of interest is influenced by several variables and the objective is to optimize this response.

Expected Results/Case Study

Chlorine is usually stored in a 1 ton cylinder capacity with 0.75 inch vapor connection stored at ambient temperature (250C) B.P.= -340C and stored in liquefied state at room temperature with pressures above 8 atmospheres at 100C. Four top events leading greatly to the large release of chlorine gas are defined and solved using different methodologies.
Chlorine Gas Release

Rupture of storage tank

Failure of loading/unloadi ng lines

Leakage in valves and joints

Intentional failures/damag e

The evaporation rate of chlorine depends on two cases: Case 1: Due to rupture of the storage tank Qm=MKAPsat/RgTL

Q, is the evaporation rate (mass/time), M is the molecular weight of the volatile substance, K is a mass transfer coefficient (length/time) for an area A, R, is the ideal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature of the liquid.
K=K0(Mo/M)1/3 Water is most frequently used as a reference substance; it has a mass transfer coefficient of 0.83 cm/s.

Case 2: Leakage in tank/pipelines(assuming that leakage occurs through a hole of circular shape) Qm=AC0(2gcpPg)1/2

Pg is the gauge pressure(pr inside the storage tank) (force/area), p is the fluid density (mass/volume), gc is the gravitational constant (length mass/force time2), A is leak area, C0 is the discharge coefficient 0.61 for sharp edge orifice 1 for well rounded nozzle 0.81 for a short section of pipe attached to a vessel.

From the evaporation rate of chlorine release we can find out the ground level concentrations of chlorine at different locations of an effected area by use of Air Dispersion Modeling so that onsite and offsite preventive measures can be installed accordingly. Equation for plume with continuous steady-state source at height H above ground level and wind moving in x direction at constant velocity u is given by:

Conclusions/Future Work:
Fault Tree Analysis helps in identifying the ways in which an accident can occur and also the probability of occurrence. By the use of Air Dispersion Modeling, we can find out the concentration of chlorine at different locations and utilizing this data we can evaluate up to which area the concentration of chlorine is acceptable as per Dows ERPG values. This analysis using RSM(if possible) is our future work. The different ways of occurrence of a hazard will act as different factors for analysis in Response Surface Methodology. The significant factors of use will retain and an optimized result is taken out in the form of most prevailing conditions which can cause maximum