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knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior
forms values creates attitudes influences behavior.
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A Model of Culture
The explicit artifacts and products of the society The norms and values that guide the society The implicit, basic assumptions that guide peoples behavior
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Values in Culture
Values
Basic
Learned
Influence
management practices
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Values in Culture
French culture U.S. culture
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Values in Culture
French culture How the Americans see the French: arrogant flamboyant hierarchical emotional U.S. culture How the French see the Americans: nave aggressive unprincipled workaholic
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Values in Culture
Table 4-2 U.S.Values and Possible Alternatives
U.S. Cultural Values Individuals can influence the future (when there is a will there is a way). Individuals should be realistic in their aspirations. Alternative Values Examples of Management Function Affected
Life follows a preordained Planning and scheduling course, and, human action is determined by the will of God. Ideals are to be pursued regardless of what is reasonable. Goal setting and career development Motivation and reward system
We must work hard to Hard work is not the only accomplish our objectives prerequisite for success. (Puritan ethic). Wisdom luck, and time also are required.
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Values in Culture
Table 4-2 U.S.Values and Possible Alternatives
U.S. Cultural Values Alternative Values Examples of Management Function Affected Loyalty, commitment, and motivation Promotion
A primary obligation of an Individual employees have a employee is to the primary obligation to their organization. family and friends. Employees can be removed if they do not perform well. The removal of an employee from a position involves a great loss of prestige and will rarely be done. Withholding information to gain or maintain power is acceptable.
Company information should be available to anyone who needs it within the organization.
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Values in Culture
Table 4-2 U.S.Values and Possible Alternatives
U.S. Cultural Values Competition stimulates high performance. Alternative Values Examples of Management Function Affected
Competition leads to Career development and unbalances and disharmony. marketing Communication, planning, and quality control.
What works is important.. Symbols and the process are more important than the end point.
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Values in Culture
There is a reasonably strong relationship between the
level of success achieved by managers and their personal values. Value patterns predict managerial success and could be used in selection and placement decisions. Although there are country differences in the relationships between values and success, findings across four countries (U.S., Japan, Australia, India) are quite similar. Values of more successful managers appear to favor Pragmatic, dynamic, achievement-oriented Active role in interaction with others Values of less successful managers tend toward Static and passive values
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power distance countries: people blindly obey the orders of their superiors, centralized and tall organization structures power distance countries: flatter and decentralized organization structures, smaller ratio of supervisors
Low
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by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid such situations High uncertainty avoidance countries: people have high need for security, strong belief in experts and their knowledge, structured organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers Low uncertainty avoidance countries: people are more willing to accept risks associated with the unknown, less structured organizational activities, fewer written rules, more risk taking by managers, higher employee turnover, more ambitious employees
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Countries high in individualism: tend to be wealthier, support protestant work ethic, greater individual initiative, promotions based on market value
belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty
Countries high in collectivism: tend to be poorer, less support for protestant work ethic,
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Countries high in masculinity: great importance on earnings, recognition, advancement, challenge, and wealth. High job stress.
dominate social values are caring for others and the quality of life
Countries high in femininity: great importance on cooperation, friendly atmosphere, employment security, group decision making, and living
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Smallest space analysis (SSA) yields clusters of countries similar to each other
1. Anglo-American (U.S., U.K., Australia) 2. Nordic (Norway, Finland, Denmark) 3. South American (Venezuela, Mexico, Chile) 4. Latin European (France, Belgium) 5. Germanic (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
variables used
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In countries with high universalism, focus is more on formal rules, business contracts are adhered to closely, people believe a deal is a deal Includes Canada, U.S., Germany, U.K., Netherlands, France, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, and Hong Kong.
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and practices should be applied and something cannot be done the same everywhere
In countries with high particularism, legal contracts often modified, well-acquainted people often change the way in which deals are executed Includes China and South Korea
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In countries high on individualism, people stress personal and individual matters, and are more likely to make negotiated decisions on the spot by a representative, achieve things alone and assume great personal responsibility Includes Canada, Thailand, U.K., U.S., Netherlands, France, Japan, China, Singapore, and Hong Kong
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VS.
Communitarianism
In countries high on communitarianism, people value group-related issues, refer decisions to committees, achieve things in groups and jointly assume responsibility Includes Malaysia and Korea
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In high neutral culture countries, people try not to show their feelings, act stoically and maintain their composure Includes Japan and the U.K.
naturally
In high emotional culture countries, people smile a great deal, talk loudly when excited and greet each other with enthusiasm Includes Mexico, the Netherlands and Switzerland
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shared with others and a small private space they guard closely and share only with close friends and associates
In high specific cultures, people are more open and extroverted, and there is a strong separation of work and private life Includes Austria, U.K., U.S. and Switzerland
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size, individuals guard public space carefully because it is shared with private space
In high diffuse cultures, people often appear to be indirect and introverted, and work and private life often are closely linked Includes Venezuela, China, and Spain
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person is
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People do only one activity at a time, keep appointments strictly, prefer to follow plans as laid out (United States) Synchronous approach People tend to multi-task, view appointments as approximate, schedules are seen as subordinate to relationships (France, and Mexico) Present oriented/future oriented Future is more important (U.S., Italy, and Germany Present is more important (Venezuela, Indonesia, and Spain All three time periods equally important (France and Belgium)
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Includes U.S., Switzerland, Australia, Belgium, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Greece, Singapore, and Japan
own course