Safety in Mines

BY

DR. P. S. PAUL

Introduction

Mining is a hazardous profession associated with high level of accidents and injuries For example, in Indian coal mines the fatal and serious bodily injury rates per 1000 persons employed for the years 2005 and 2006 were 0.30, 0.35 and 2.78, 1.84 respectively Several causes starting from personal to sociotechnical factors are responsible for such high injury experience rates in mines

10.00
Fatality and Serious Injury rates

9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 .00 1950 1957 1964 1971 1978 1985

Series1 Series2

1992

1999

2006

Year
Year-Wise Fatality and Serious Injury Rates per 1000 Persons Employed in Indian Coal Mines

Chapter 01
Safety terms and definitions; Occupational Hazards of Mining

Safety terms and definitions

Safety
This is the conservation of human life and its effectiveness, and the prevention of damage to items as per mission requirements. OR Safety is the degree of freedom from risk and hazard in environment such as a mine.

Accident
This is an unplanned and undesired event in a sequence of events, that occurs through a combination of causes; it results in physical harm (injury or illness) to an individual, damage to property, a near-miss, a loss or any combination of these effects. Q. Why do accidents take place in mines? A: Accident causation is a complex process. But generally these are caused due to Unsafe Acts and Unsafe conditions . A combination of factors at the same moment may lead to accident causing injury or persons may escape without any injury.

Unsafe Condition
This is any condition, under the right set of condition, may create accident.

Unsafe Behavior
Unsafe This is the manner in which an individual conducts himself/herself that is unsafe to himself/herself or others.

Hazards This is the source of energy and physiological and behavioral factors which, when uncontrolled effectively, results in harmful occurrences.

Safe
This is protected against any possible hazards.

Hazards in Mines
This is the source of energy and the physiological and behavioral factors which, when uncontrolled effectively, results in harmful occurrences

Hazards in Underground Coal Mine

Geological disturbance

Inadequate ventilation

Explosives and fires

Occupational hazards

Inrushes of water

Transport systems

Personal and social hazards

Deficiency of management commitment

A
Strata and roof control
Dyke Fold Fault Haulage or locomotive

Conveyors

Shafts

Free-steered vehicles

Temperatur e

Irrespirable atmosphere

Respirable dust

Lifting

Machines

Noise

Contact with electricity

Slip and fall

Humid atmosphere

Explosive atmosphe re

Flammable dust

Explosives

Spontaneous combustion

Inadequate training

Inadequate supply and maintenance of equipment

Inadequate supervision of work place before and during work

Absenteeism of supervisor(s) at night shift work

Demographic

Personal attitude

Societal characteristics

Sex

Age

Experience

Occupation

Management worker interaction

Supervisor worker interaction

Co-workers relationships

Risk taking

Negative affectivity

Depression

Impulsiveness

Unsafe work behavior

Job dissatisfaction

Job stress

Chapter - 2
Accidents and their classification; and

Statistics of Fatal and Serious accidents in Indian Coal as well as Metalliferous Mines (Upto 2006)

What accidents come under the purview of the Mines Act?

What accidents are not included in the statistics published by the CIM?

Classification of Mine Accidents/Injuries

Fatal: Which results in death of one or more person

Serious: Which results in serious bodily injury to one or more

person. Serious bodily injury is defined as an injury which involve the permanent loss of any part of the body or permanent loss of or injury to the sight or hearing or any permanent in capacity or fractures of any bone or joints.

Reportable: Which results in reportable injury to one or more

person. Reportable injury is defined as any injury other than a serious bodily injury which involves the enforced absence of the injured person from work for a period of 72 hours or more.

Classification of Mine Accidents/Injuries (Contd.) Minor: Which results in minor injury to one or more
person. Minor injury is defined as any injury other than a serious bodily injury which involves the enforced absence of the injured person from work for a period exceeding 24 hours but, less than 72 hours.

Accidents

Disasters

Major Accidents

Conclusion Average death rates due to the coal mine accidents are 114 per year. Whereas, in Delhi alone over 2000 deaths are reported annually in traffic accidents

But, we can not conclude from the above figure that walking or driving on the streets of Delhi is more risky than working in coal mines. In order to evaluate the chances of a person being killed or injured at work in a mine or a factory, on the road, in the air, in the water, it is necessary to evaluate to evolve a common yardstick by which the standards of safety in different industries or elsewhere can be measured.

Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)

Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dates of Accident 12/07/1952 05/08/1953 14/03/1954 10/12/1954 05/02/1955 26/09/1956 19/02/1958 20/02/1958 05/01/1960 Name of Mines Dhemomain Majri Damra Newton Chikli Amlabad Burra Dhemo Chinakuri Central Bhowra Damua Fatalities 12 11 10 63 52 28 175 23 16 Cause Roof fall Inundation Explosion of fire damp. Inundation Explosion of fire damp. Inundation Explosion of fire damp. Inundation Inundation

10
11

28/05/1965
11/04/1968

Dhori
West Chirmiri

268
14

Coal dust explosion

Premature collapse of workings Explosion of fire damp. Roof fall Inundation Inundation

12
13 14 15

18/03/1973
08/08/1975 18/11/1975 27/12/1975

Jitpur
Kessurgarh Silewara Chasnala

48
11 10 375

Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 16/09/1976 04/10/1976 22/01/1979 24/08/1981 16/07/1982 14/09/1983 13/11/1989 25/01/1994 26/09/1995 06/07/1999 24/06/2000 02/02/2001 05/03/2001 16/06/2003 16/10/2003 Central Saunda Sudamdih Baragolai Jagannath Topa Hurriladih Mahabir New Kenda Gaslitand Prascole Kawadi Bagdigi Durgapur Rayatwari Godavari Khani-7LEP GDK-8A 10 43 16 10 16 19 6 55 64 6 10 29 6 17 10 Inundation Explosion of fire damp. Ignition of fire damp Water gas explosion Roof fall Inundation Inundation Fire/suffocation by gases Inundation Fall of roof/collapse of workings Failure of OC bench Inundation Collapse of partings/workings Inundation Roof fall

31

15/6/2005

Central Saunda

14

Inundation

Trends of Fatal and Serious Accidents in Coal Mines in India

Year Fatal accidents Accidents Fatalities Serious accidents Accidents Injuries

1995 1996
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Average per year

137 131
143 128 127 117 106 81 83 90 114

219 146
165 146 138 144 141 97 113 99 141

757 677
677 523 595 661 667 629 563 599 635

813 723
725 560 650 707 720 650 578 608 673

Note: (i) Lignite is included in coal.

Chapter - 3 Frequency Rates and Severity of Accidents (With Case Study)

The usual practice is to calculate the death rates and injury rates on the basis of: i. 1000 persons employed ii. 3-lakh manshift worked iii. Million ton of coal produced

To calculate the frequency rates per 1000 persons employed, it is necessary to know the actual figures of average daily employment in mines.
Frequency rate (FR) for fatal, serious and reportable injuries can be calculated as follows: No of fatal injuries FR/Fatal = ------------------------------------ 1000 Average daily employment No of serious injuries FR/Serious = ------------------------------------- 1000 Average daily employment No of Reortable injuries FR/Reportable = ------------------------------------- 1000 Average daily employment

Frequency Rate (FR) per 3 lakh manshift worked can be calculated as below:
No of injuries FR/ 3 lakh Manshift worked = ------------------------------- 3,00,000 Total Manshift worked No of injuries FR/ Million ton per of coal produced =------------------------- 106 Total coal produced

One basis of measurement of safety performance is the frequency of accidents, another is their severity. Severity rate can be calculated as follows: Mandays lost 1000 Severity = -----------------------------------Average daily employment Mandays lost 300000 = ------------------------------------Total Manshift worked

Or

Or

Mandays lost 106 = ------------------------------------Million ton of coal produced

Severity Index:----Severity Index (SI) can be calculated based on following formula: (300F + 10S + R) 100,000 SI = --------------------------------------Man-shift worked F = Number of deaths S = Number of serious injuries R = Number of Reportable injuries The weightage of 300:10:1 for fatal, serious, and reportable injuries was perhaps arrived at by estimating relative manshift lost by each type of accidents. A modified approach has been established by the DGMS and is as follows: (50F + S ) 105 SI = ---------------------------Man-shift worked

Accident Proneness:----Though FR and SI values can be taken to identify accident proneness of mines; however, it is preferable to compute Arithmetic mean (AM) and Geometric mean (GM) of SI usually for five years periods to identify accident prone mines. The DGMS uses the arithmetic mean for identifying the accident proneness. Accident proneness indices are defined as follows: n AM = SI/n i=1

n GM = ( SI )1/n i=1

Both frequency rate and severity rate indices are useful measures of safety performances of mines. These indices generally are used to identify the accident proneness of mines and based on these indices accident proneness of the same mine may vary. To incorporate both frequency and severity rate, a combined index (CI) has been proposed, where CI is defined as:
FR SI CI = -------------------1000 where, CI = Combined Index FR = Frequency Rate Index SI = Severity Index

Case study (from 1995-2004)

Average Yearly Fatal/Serious Injuries in Indian Mines
Place of employment Average daily employment Average number persons killed per year Average number persons seriously injured per year

Below ground
Opencast workings Above ground Total

2,58,000
75,000 1,35,000 4,68,000

110
18 13 141

493
71 109 673

Calculate the Frequency Rates, Severity Index as per DGMS, and Combine index of Coal Mine Accidents in India.

Chapter - 4
Basic Causes of Accident Occurrence; and
Cause wise Accident Analysis (from 1995-2004)

Basis Causes of Accident Occurrence

In order to identify the root causes of accidents, it is a common practice to safety professional to find out the factors associated with accidents.

The DGMS classification of accident causes is as follows:

1. Ground movement 2. Transportation Machinery (winding in shaft) 3. Transportation Machinery (Other than winding in shaft) 4. Machinery other than Transportation Machinery 5. Explosives 6. Electricity 7. Dust, gas and other Combustible Materials 8. Fall (other than fall of ground) 9. Other causes

Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)

Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)

Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)

Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)

Statistical accident/Injury analysis

Methods of Statistical accident/Injury Analysis Bivariate analysis Multivariate analysis

Statistical accident/Injury analysis

Place-wise

Cause-wise

Statistical accident/Injury analysis

Occupation-wise
Shift-wise

Body parts-wise

Statistical accident/Injury analysis

Place-wise analysis based on Belowground

Opencast
aboveground

Shift-wise analysis based on Morning Shift Evening Shift Night Shift

Statistical accident/Injury analysis

Cause-wise analysis based on Fall-of-Object Fall-of-Roof Fall-of-Side Haulage Loading-of-Coal Slip-and-Fall Tools-and-Machines Transportation of Machine Others

Statistical accident/Injury analysis

Body parts-wise analysis based on leg Finger Back Hand Knee Thumb Foot Head Others

Statistical accident/Injury analysis

Occupation-wise analysis based on Fall-of-Object Fall-of-Roof Fall-of-Side Haulage Loading-of-Coal Slip-and-Fall Tools-and-Machines Transportation of Machine Others

Statistical Accident Analysis A Case Study By Dr. P. S. Paul

(Published in IM&E Journal, 2001)

Frequency of mandays lost due to accidents/injuries for the case study mine during 1993-96.
Mandays lost
(day/days) Frequency Percent

1 2 3-5 5-15 >15

19 93 30 61 32

8.09 39.57 12.77 25.96 13.62

Mandays lost/injury
Mininmum: 1 Maximum: 172 Average: 10.51 Total mandays lost: 2533

Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on occupation/job title for the case study mine during 1993-96
Mandays lost
Occupation/ job title Frequency Percent Minimum mandays lost Maximum mandays lost Total mandays lost Mandays lost per injury

Miner/ Loader

100

41.49

172

1230

12.30

HaulageWorker
Piece-ratedworker Mech./elec.fitter/helper

28

11.61

79

243

8.67

27

11.20

114

298

11.04

18

7.47

75

183

10.17

Supportpersonnel
Other-faceworker Driller/exp. -carrier Supervisorystaff Other-worker

17

7.05

150

180

10.59

10

4.15

33

99

9.90

2.07

12

2.40

1.66

13

3.25

32

13.28

56

275

8.89

Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on cause of injury/accident type for the case study mine during 1993-96
Mandays lost Cause of injury/ accident type Frequency Percent Minimum mandays lost Maximum mandays lost Total mandays lost Mandays lost per injury

Fall-of-object

24

9.96

150

386

16.08

Fall-of-roof

20

8.30

144

379

18.95

Fall-of-side

10

4.15

96

199

19.90

Haulage

26

10.79

23

166

6.38

Loading-of-coal

53

21.99

114

557

9.94

Slip-and-fall

41

17.01

172

406

9.90

Tool-andmachine

33

13.69

44

230

6.97

Transport-ofmaterial

12

4.98

19

82

6.83

Other

22

9.13

25

127

5.77

Frequency of injury based on occupation and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation for the case study mine during 1993-96
Cause of Injury Fall of object Occupation Group Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading roof side of coal Slip and fall Tool Transport and of materials machine Other

Miner/loader

8 12 (8.00) (12.00) 3 1 (10.71) (3.58)

7 (7.0) 0 (0.00)

4 (4.00) 7 (25.00)

48 (48.00) 0 (0.00)

12 (12.00) 7 (25.00)

3 (3.00) 7 (25.00)

1 (1.00) 3 (10.71)

5 (5.00) 0 (0.00)

Haulageworker Piece-rated-worker

0 0 (0.00) (0.00) Mech./Eeec.fitter/helper

0 (0.00)

4 (14.82)

0 (0.00)

3 (11.11)

11 (40.73)

5 4 (18.52) (14.82)

2 0 (11.11) (0.00)
Support personnel 6 1 (35.29) (5.88)

0 (0.00)

5 (27.78)

0 (0.00)

4 (22.22)

6 (33.33)

0 (0.00)

1 (5.56)

Other-face- worker

0 (0.00)

3 (17.65)

3 (17.65)

3 (17.65)

0 (0.00)

1 (5.88)

0 (0.00)

Driller/exp.- carrier

2 3 0 (20.00) (30.00) (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

2 (20.00)

2 (20.00)

0 (0.00)

1 (10.00)

Supervisory-staff
1 0 (20.00) (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00)

Other- worker

0 (0.00)

1 (25.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

3 (75.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

2 (6.25)

2 3 (6.25) (9.38)

2 (6.25)

2 (6.25)

6 3 (18.76) (9.38)

2 (6.25)

10 (31.25)

Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries

Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on body parts injured for the case study mine during 1993-96
Mandays lost Body part Frequency Percent Minimum mandays lost Maximum mandays lost Total mandays lost Mandays lost per injury

Leg

83

34.44

172

1264

15.23

Finger

56

23.24

33

265

4.73

Hand

20

8.30

73

242

12.10

Back

17

7.05

114

282

16.59

Knee

14

5.81

13

61

4.36

Thumb

10

4.15

18

51

5.1

Foot

3.32

96

208

26

Head

2.91

15

2.14

All other

26

10.79

44

145

5.58

Frequency of injury based on body parts injured and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation for the case study mine during 1993- 96
Cause of Injury Fall of object Body part Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading roof side of coal Slip and fall Tool Transport and of material machine Other

Leg

8 8 (9.63) (9.63) 3 2 (5.36) (3.57)

5 (6.02) 1 (1.79)

7 (8.54) 8 (14.29)

27 (32.93) 13 (23.21)

14 (17.07) 1 (1.79)

5 (6.09) 16 (28.56)

3 (3.66) 7 (12.50)

6 (7.32) 5 (8.93)

Finger

Hand

0 2 0 (0.00) (10.00) (0.00)

6 (30.00)

1 (5.00)

6 (30.00)

3 (15.00)

0 (0.00)

2 (10.00)

Back

4 2 (23.53) (11.77)

1 (5.88)

1 (5.88)

3 (17.64)

2 (11.76)

1 (5.88)

0 (0.00)

3 (17.65)

Knee

2 0 (14.289) (0.00)

1 (7.14)

3 (21.43)

0 (0.00)

4 (28.57)

1 (7.14)

0 (0.00)

3 (21.43)

Thumb

3 (30.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

1 (10.00)

3 (30.00)

2 (20.00)

1 (10.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

Foot

1 3 (12.50) (37.50)

2 0 (25.00) (0.00)

0 (0.00)

1 (12.50)

1 (12.50)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

Head

0 (0.00)

2 (33.33)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

1 (16.67)

2 (33.33)

0 (0.00)

1 (16.67)

1 (14.29)

All other

3 1 (11.54) (3.85)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

5 (19.23)

9 (34.62)

5 (19.23)

1 (3.84)

2 (7.69)

Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries

Chapter - 5
Investigations into Accident and Accident Report

Investigations into Accident

(Part-I)
The primary purpose of accident investigation is to identify the causes and circumstances leading to the accident so that suitable measures may be taken to further accident of similar type.

Accident Investigation
a successful accident investigation must answer three questions: 1. What happened? 2. How it happened? 3. Why it happened? and to serve as a basis of prevention, a fourth question: 4. How it can be prevented?

Accident Investigation
Procedure:

Collection of basic information Inspection of the site of accident Preparation of accident site plan by the surveyor Examination of records, reports, plan etc. Examination of materials, equipments etc. and their testing, if required. Examination of Witness Analysis of evidence: Identification of the unsafe acts and condition

Collection of basic information

Date and time of accident Name, age, sex and nature of job of the victim Details of Vocational training undergone by the victim Place of accident Apparent cause of accident Details of the mine working and operations related to the accident System of supervision and name of the supervisors

Inspection of the site of accident

Observation of the minutest details at the accident site All materials and objects found at the site should be noted The position of the victim(s) and the eye-witness should be recorded The enquiry officer should himself draw a sketch plan of the accident site showing all the details

Preparation of accident site plan by the surveyor

They should prepare an accident plan (R.F. of 100:1) showing all the details of the accident site

Examination of records, reports, plan etc.

A close examination relating to the accident is essential to ascertain: The general system of work Awareness of lurking dangers Promptness in dealing with defects and dangers Status of safety prevailing prior to the accident Availability and effectiveness of supervision

Examination of materials, equipments etc. and their testing, if required.

These should be examined by experts, and if necessary, be tested at a reliable laboratory

Examination of Witness

The witness should be examined in a definite sequence The witness should be examined individually and separately All eye-witness should be examined at the site of the accident The inquiry officer should not disturb the emotional and verbose witness but allow them to speak If conflicting statements are made by different witness, the should be re-examined

Analysis of Evidence
The

inquiry officer should analyze systematically all the recorded evidence in the light of his own observations at the accident site. should point out the contraventions of the statutory provisions and should identify the unsafe acts and unsafe conditions that resulted in the accident

He

Accident Report
(Part-II)

STRUCTURE OF THE ACCIDENT REPORT

The report should be detailed under the following heads:

Introduction Background information Events prior to accident Occurrence of the accident Rescue and recovery Inspection and enquiry Analysis of evidence Causes of the accident Responsibility Recommendations

ACCIDENT REPORT
As a safety officer, put up a report of enquiry and investigation into a fatal accident due to fall of roof in a depillaring area killing two loaders on spot.
From : ---------------- , Safety Officer, ---------------- Colliery. Dated, 30th November, 2009 To The Manager, ----------------- Colliery, Sir, Ref. Your letter No. A/E 235 dated 17.08.2008 I am submitting herewith a report on roof fall accident that occurred on 15th September, 2008 at about 10 p.m. in the depillaring district in ---------seam at ------------ colliery and resulted in death of two loaders namely, -------------- and -------------. Encl. Inquiry Report. Yours faithfully, (Signed)

ACCIDENT REPORT

Chapter - 6
In-depth Study of Accidents due to Multivariate Cause (with case study)

Demographics Age Experience Negative Personality Impulsivity Risk Taking Negative Affectivity Depression

Social Support Co-Worker Support Supervisory Support Management Worker Interaction

Work Injuries

Safety Environment Safety Training Safety practice Safety Equipment Availability and Maintenance

Safe Work Behavior

Job Dissatisfaction Work Hazards

Job Stress

Physical Hazards Production Pressure

Determinants of work injuries in mines

Reliability and Validity Test of the Collected Data

Identified factors No. of questions asked to the mine workers 11 15 13 12 5 12 8 27 9 No. of questions retained after reliability and validity test 9 11 12 8 5 8 6 19 8 5 7 7 14 4 15 8 7 10 4 11 8 0.71 0.84 0.79 0.65 0.67

Reliability 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.71 0.65 0.67 0.66 0.80 0.72 0.64

Risk taking Negative affectivity Job Dissatisfaction Impulsivity Depression Job stress Safety training Safety practice
Safety equipment availability and maintenance Co- workers support Supervisory Support Management worker interaction Production pressure Physical hazards Safe work behavior

14
Number of NAG Respondents in excess of AG Number of AG Respondents in excess of NAG

12

10

Group
2 N AG AG 23 25 27 29 31 35 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 58 33 37 Miners Age (in Year)

Age

High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers

30

20

10

Group
N AG 0 11.00 13.00 AG 15.00 17.00 19.00 21.00 23.00 25.00 27.00 29.00 31.00

Respondents scores on Negative Affectivity

Negative A ffectivity

High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)

20

10

Group
N AG 0 12.00 AG 16.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 18.00 26.00 30.00 34.00

14.00

Respondents scores on Job Dissatisfaction

Job Di ssatiafacti on

High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)

30

20

10

Group
N AG 0 11.00 13.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 37.00 AG

Respondents scores on Physical Hazards

Physi cal Hazards

High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)

30

20

10

Group
N AG 0 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 AG

Respondents scores on Management Worker Interaction

Management Worker Int eraction

High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)

Bivariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis

Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories

Coefficient (estimate)
-0.557 -0.51 -0.956 -1.24

Characteristic

Variables

Categories
AGE0RC

P-Value (Significance)
-0.019 -0.033 -<0.001 -<0.001

Crude OR

e
(95% CI)
1 1.74 (1.10-2.78) 1 1.67 (1.04-2.67) 1 2.60 (1.63-4.15) 1 3.45 (2.15-5.55) 1 2.70 (1.69-4.31) 1 1.62 (1.03-2.56) 1 0.52 (0.33-0.83) 1 2.14 (1.35-3.41)

Age
AGE1

Demographic
EXP0RC

Experience
EXP1
IMP0RC

Impulsivity
IMP1 N_A0RC N_A1 RISK_TK0RC

Negative Affectivity Negative Personality Risk Taking

-0.99 -0.48 --0.65 -0.76

-<0.001 -0.038 -0.006 -0.001

RISK_TK1 DEPR0RC

Depression
DEPR1 SA_W_BEH0RC SA_W_BEH1 JOB_STR0RC

Safe Work Behavior

Safe Work Behavior

Job Stress

Job Stress

JOB_STR1

Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)
Coefficient (estimate)
-0.95 -0.13 -0.87 --0.52 --1.34 --0.72 --0.31 --0.87 --0.95

Characteristics

Variables
Job Dissatisfaction Production Pressure

Categories
JOB_DIS0RC JOB_DIS1
PROD_PR0RC PROD_PR1 PHY_HRZ0RC PHYHRZ1 SAF_TR0RC SAF_TR1 SAF_PRC0RC SAF_PRC1 SA_EQUP0RC SA_EQUP1 CO_SPRT0RC CO_SPRT1 SUP_SPRT0RC SUP_SPRT1 M_W_INT0RC M_W_INT1

P-Value (Significance)
-<0.001 -0.56 -<0.001 -0.028 -<0.001 -0.002 -0.195 -<0.001 -<0.001

Crude OR (e ) (95% CI)

1
2.59 (1.63-4.12) 1 1.14 (0.73-1.80) 1 2.39 (1.50-3.79) 1 0.60 (0.38-0.95) 1 0.32 (0.20-0.52) 1 0.49 (0.31-0.78) 1 0.74 (0.46-1.17) 1 0.42 (0.26-0.67) 1 0.39 (0.24-0.62)

Job Dissatisfaction

Work Hazards
Physical Hazards Safety Training

Safety Environment

Safety Practice Safety Equipment Availability and Maintenance Co-Worker Support Supervisory Support Management Worker Interaction

Social Support

Multivariate Logistic Regression Results Predicting Work Injury

Predictor categoricala variables Demographics Age Experience Negative personality Impulsivity Negative affectivity Depression Risk taking Safe work behavior Safe work behavior Job stress Job stress Job dissatisfaction Job dissatisfaction Work hazards Production pressure Physical hazards Safety environment Safety training Safety practice Safety equipment availability and maintenance Social support Co-worker support Supervisory support Management worker interaction Predictive accuracy (%) Total R2 R2

r
0.27*** 0.25*** 0.21*** 0.37*** 0.08 0.35*** -0.22*** 0.17*** 0.31*** 0.17*** 0.24*** -0.25*** -0.36*** -0.30***

Model 1
0.41 0.19

Model 2
0.75* 0.15 0.41 1.03*** -0.14 0.59**

Model 3
0.77* 0.13 0.35 1.11*** -0.29 0.39 -0.34 -0.22 0.48*

Model 4
0.70* 0.22 0.40 0.92*** -0.09 0.41 -0.42 -0.25 0.48* 0.41 0.57**

Model 5
0.75* 0.15 0.50 0.90*** -0.16 0.38 -0.30 -0.12 0.55* 0.40 0.53* 0.46 -0.52 -0.24

Model 6
0.76* 0.15 0.55 0.93*** -0.18 0.36 -0.26 -0.12 0.53* 0.39 0.52* 0.47 -0.48 0.27

-0.08 -0.27*** -0.29*** 56.7 0.026*** 0.026*** 67.3 0.189*** 0.163*** 69.3 0.206*** 0.017** 69.3 0.228*** 0.022** 68.3 0.241*** 0.013

0.19 0.14 -0.34 68.7 0.244*** 0.003

Note. For Models 1 6, standardized regression coefficients () are reported. * P < 0.10, ** P 0.05, *** P 0.01. a category (0) represents the reference group. For example, AGE (0) is the reference group of age variable. The parameter () for AGE (1) is estimated with reference to AGE (0).

Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories

Characteristic

Variables

Categories

Coefficient (estimate)
-0.76 -0.14 -0.55 -0.933 -0.36 --0.18 --0.26

P-Value (Significance

Adjusted OR (e ) (95% CI)

AGE0RC

Age
AGE1

-0.078

1 2.14 (0.91-4.10)

Demographic
EXP0RC

Experience
EXP1 IMP0RC

-0.732

1 1.16 (0.50-2.69)

Impulsivity
IMP1 N_A0RC N_A1 RISK_TK0RC

-0.168

1 1.73 (0.79-3.76)

Negative Affectivity Negative Personality Risk Taking

-0.014

1 2.54 (1.21-5.35)

RISK_TK1 DEPR0RC

-0.279

1 1.44 (0.75-2.76)

Depression
DEPR1 SA_W_BEH0RC SA_W_BEH1 JOB_STR0RC JOB_STR1

-0.566

1 0.83 (0.44-1.56)

Safe Work Behavior

Safe Work Behavior

Job Stress

-0.428

1 0.78 (0.41-1.46)

Job Stress

--0.12

-0.772

1 0.89 (0.40-1.97)

Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)
Characteristics Job Dissatisfaction

Variables
Job Dissatisfaction
Production Pressure

Categories
JOB_DIS0RC JOB_DIS1 PROD_PR0RC PROD_PR1 PHY_HRZ0RC PHY_HRZ1 SAF_TR0RC SAF_TR1 SAF_PRC0RC SAF_PRC1 SA_EQUP0RC

Coefficient (estimate)
-0.53 -0.39 -0.52 -0.47 --0.48 --

P-Value (Significance)
-0.092 -0.192 -0.073 -0.188 -0.239 -0.483 -0.545 -0.729 -0.433

Adjusted OR (e ) (95% CI)

1 1.71 (0.92-3.17) 1 1.49 (0.83-2.68) 1 1.69 (0.95-3.00) 1 1.60 (0.80-3.22) 1 0.62 (0.28-1.38) 1 1.30 (0.62-2.73) 1 1.21 (0.66-2.22) 1 1.15 (0.53-2.49) 1 0.72 (0.31-1.65)

Work Hazards Physical Hazards Safety Training Safety Practice Safety Equipment Availability & Maintenance Co-Worker Support

Safety Environment

SA_EQUP1 CO_SPRT0RC CO_SPRT1 SUP_SPRT0RC SUP_SPRT1 M_W_INT0RC M_W_INT1

0.27 -0.19 -0.14

Social Support

Supervisory Support
Management Worker Interaction

--0.34

Correlations amongst the Major Variables for Accident Path Model

Age Exp Work injury Impulsivity Negative affectivity Depression Risk taking Safety training Safety practice SEAM* Job stress Co-worker support Supervisory support M_W_INT** Job dissatisfaction Physical hazards Production pressure Safe work behaviour Mean Standard deviation 1.000 0.816 1.000 0.271 0.249 1.000 -0.143 -0.085 0.214 1.000 -0.114 -0.078 0.373 0.600 1.000 -0.046 -0.059 0.084 0.183 0.409 1.000 -0.001 0.033 0.349 0.467 0.586 0.224 1.000 0.074 0.060 -0.251 -0.577 -0.444 -0.112 -0.464 1.000 0.052 0.040 -0.358 -0.607 -0.521 -0.251 -0.668 0.523 1.000 -0.024 -0.056 -0.296 -0.350 -0.404 -0.277 -0.557 0.344 0.653 1.000 -0.103 -0.054 0.169 0.630 0.672 0.375 0.568 -0.543 -0.600 -0.460 1.000 0.118 0.087 -0.078 -0.456 -0.315 -0.084 -0.349 0.300 0.501 0.368 -0.375 1.000 0.042 -0.001 -0.269 -0.600 -0.547 -0.285 -0.660 0.631 0.716 0.560 -0.660 0.357 1.000 0.053 0.012 -0.292 -0.588 -0.515 -0.295 -0.627 0.543 0.799 0.673 -0.659 0.451 0.817 1.000 0.001 0.026 0.306 0.386 0.475 0.347 0.524 -0.436 -0.573 -0.625 0.617 -0.215 -0.653 -0.665 1.000 0.094 0.107 0.238 0.301 0.329 0.211 0.424 -0.200 -0.497 -0.514 0.455 -0.251 -0.465 -0.511 0.482 1.000 0.113 0.124 0.169 0.119 0.240 0.413 0.424 -0.293 -0.362 -0.385 0.398 -0.099 -0.542 -0.466 0.507 0.459 1.000 0.055 0.010 -0.217 -0.368 -0.303 -0.362 -0.370 0.166 0.539 0.307 -0.258 0.361 0.396 0.387 -0.288 -0.172 -0.181 1.000 37.34 14.58 0.50 16.02 20.88 8.707 18.58 13.22 39.67 15.73 16.82 12.86 14.91 20.36 23.54 24.10 8.78 20.27 9.01 9.25 0.50 4.12 5.95 2.55 5.41 3.27 7.53 3.93 3.99 2.18 3.68 5.44 6.16 4.36 2.82 2.99

* Safety Equipment availability and maintenance ** Management workers interaction Correlation coefficient 0.113 indicates 0.05 probability level of significance

Age X 1 Experience X 2

0.99* 0.82*
1.00 0.70* 0.72* 0.40* 0.78* 0.61* 0.85* 0.70* 1.00 0.48* 0.88* 0.90*

Demographic
1

Work Injury X 3
Impulsivity X 4 Negative affectivity X 5 Depression X 6 Risk Taking X 7 Safety Training X 8 Safety Practice X 9 Safety equipment Availability and Maintenance X 10

Work Injury 2

Negative Personality 3

Safety Environment 4

Job Stress X 11 Co-Worker Support X 12 Supervisory Support X 13 Management Worker Interaction X

14

Job Stress 5 Social Support 6

Job Dissatisfaction X 15 Physical Hazards X 16 Production Pressure X 17 Safe Work Behavior X 18

1.00
0.71* 0.65* 1.00

Job Dissatisfaction 7

Work Hazards 8 Safe Work Behavior 9

[* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance]

Path Diagram of Measurement Model

Structural Correlations among Latent Variables Presented in the Measurement Model for Injury/Accident Causation
Demographic Work injury Negative personality Safety environment Job stress Social support Job dissatisfaction Work hazards Safe work behavior 1.00 0.29* -0.10* 0.04 -0.09 0.06 0.01 0.17* 0.04 1.00 0.41* -0.42* 0.17* -0.30* 0.31* 0.30* -0.22*

1.00 -0.94* 0.86* -0.91* 0.65* 0.67* -0.51*

1.00 -0.73* 1.00 0.83* -0.75* -0.75* 0.62* -0.77 * 0.63* 0.49* -0.26*

1.00 -0.70* 1.00 -0.78* 0.73* 1.00 0.48* -0.29* -0.26* 1.00

* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance

0.38* 0.22* 0.37*

Work Hazards 1

-0.24*

Safety Environment 1

-0.40* Job Dissatisfaction 4

0.69*
Social Support

0.05
-0.39*

-0.37*

0.08 -0.03 -0.01 0.40* 0.29* Work Injury

Job Stress 2

-0.65*

-0.06

0.26* 0.37*

-0.14* 0.87*

Demographic 3

Safe Work Behavior -0.02 Negative Personality -0.25*

0.76* 0.08*

[* indicates 0.05 probability level of significance]

Accident Model Path Diagram

Chapter - 7
Measures for Improving Safety

Chapter - 8
Cost of Accidents

Chapter - 9 Introduction to Safety Management

Risk
This is a measure of the likelihood and severity of a negative effect to environment, equipment/property, or the health. The phase of evaluation is realized by estimating the probability of an unwanted event occurring (P) and the consequences of that event (D). Mathematically, Risk (R) = P x D The sign x expresses the function according to the kind of evaluation. It can be a matrix or product. The risk index, particularly when estimating human risk to safety and health may vary according to human exposure to specific sites or sources.

Component of Risk
Consequences Resources

Risk Component

Threats

Modifying Factors