INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Chapter 1

Contents
Introduction Population & Sample Variables & Data Sources of Data Sample Surveys & Sampling Techniques

Objectives

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

classify

a statistical study as either descriptive or inferential identify the population and the sample in an inferential study explain what is meant by a representative sample describe simple random sampling

Introduction

What is statistics?
Common

usage: Numerical facts Second meaning: A group of methods used to collect, analyze, present and interpret data and to make decisions

2 major types of statistics

Descriptive

Inferential

Introduction

Descriptive Statistics
consists

of methods for organizing and summarizing information. includes the construction of graphs, charts, and tables and the calculation of various descriptive measures such as averages, measures of variation, and percentiles.

Introduction

Inferential statistics
consists

of methods for drawing and measuring the reliability of conclusions about a population based on information obtained from a sample of the population.

Introduction

Descriptive or inferential?
Should

consider the purpose of statistical study. If.

Examine and explore information for its own intrinsic only descriptive statistics The use the information obtained from a sample of a population to draw conclusions inferential statistics

Population & Sample

Population & Sample

What is population & sample?

Population:

The collection of all individuals or items under consideration in a statistical study. Sample: That part of the population from which information is obtained.

Give examples of population & sample.

Population & Sample

What is survey?
The

collection of information from the elements of a population or a sample. 2 types of survey

Census survey

Includes every member of the population Survey conducted on a sample

Sample survey

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Population & Sample

A sample may be random or nonrandom. Random sample

Each

element of the population has a chance of being selected. Simple Random Sample: The chance of being selected for one element is the same for each element of the population

Nonrandom sample?
- Some

members of the population may not have chance of being selected in the sample

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Population & Sample

Simple Random Sampling

A

sampling procedure for which each possible sample of a given size is equally likely to be the one obtained. 2 types of simple random sampling
With replacement - whereby a member of the population can be selected more than once Without replacement - whereby a member of the population can be selected at most once.

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Variables & Data

What is variable?
A

characteristic that varies from one person or thing to another.

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Variables & Data

2 types of variable
Qualitative

A non-numerically valued variable.

Quantitative

A numerically valued variable. Discrete variable: A quantitative variable whose possible values can be listed. Continuous variable: A quantitative variable whose possible values form some interval of numbers.

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Variables & Data

What is data?
Values

of a variable.
Data

Qualitative

Quantitative

Discrete

Continuous
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Variables & Data

2 types of data
Qualitative

data

Values of a qualitative variable.

Quantitative

data

Values of a quantitative variable. Discrete data: Values of a discrete variable. Continuous data: Values of a continuous variable.

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Variables & Data

Examples:
Qualitative

Variables

Hair colour, gender, types of cars, blood type

Quantitative

Variables

Discrete

number of students, Number of cars, Number of houses, height, weight, time

Continuous

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Variables & Data

Exercises

Identify ONE(1) qualitative variable. Identify ONE(1) discrete variable. Identify ONE(1) continuous variable. Identify the following types of variable at its possible value.

Household size The worlds Highest Waterfall Number of Siblings Religion Place of Birth

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Sources of Data
Accurate data is important to ensure the reliable results in order to make accurate decision. Sources of data

Internal

sources External sources Surveys and experiments

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Sources of Data

Internal sources
E.g.:

companys personnel files or accounting records. be in the form of primary or secondary

External sources
Can Not

Surveys and experiments

available internally or externally Conduct our own survey or experiment

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Sources of Data

Survey and experiments

Survey A method of collecting data Do not exercise any control over the factors. Show association Example: The amount spent on clothes by individuals in the campus Experiments Exercise control over some factors Can help establish causation Example: Folic Acid and birth defects

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Sample Surveys & Sampling Techniques

Why sample?
Time Cost

Impossibility

of conducting census

2 types of samples?
Random Nonrandom

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Sample Surveys & Sampling Techniques

Random sampling technique Simple random sampling Each member of the population has the same chance of being included in the sample Systematic random sampling Select one member from the first k units Stratified random sampling Divide population into subpopulation, which called strata. Select one of each strata Cluster sampling Divide population into group (geographical) called cluster. Select randomly cluster, and then select randomly samples from the chosen clusters

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