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Earth Connections

• Distribution systems of these high voltage

usually have their neutral points earthed to the
ship’s hull through a resistor
• The resistor in neutral line limits earth faults
currents and protects equipment

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Types of Neutral Connections

• Insulated Neutral System

• Earthed Neutral System
• Resistance earth Neutral System

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Insulated Neutral to Earth

• This system is totally insulated from the ship’s hull
• This system maintains continuity of power supply to
the equipment even in the event of single phasing
fault.
• This ensure power supply to critical equipment
• The power supply to the equipment can disrupt only
if two single phase faults occur simultaneously in two
lines which is then equivalent to short circuiting
faults
• But such fault occur very rare

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Insulated Earth Neutral

Gen
Load

Earth

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Insulated Earth 3-Phase

Gen Load

Earth Single Earth Fault

OLADOKUN
no effect
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Insulated Earth 3-Phase

Gen Load

Earth Double Earth

OLADOKUN
short Circuit
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Neutral Earthed System

• Earthed Neutral is done in 3-phase system for supply
voltage of 3.3-6.6 kV and above
• If a solidly earthed system is used for such high
voltage then magnitude of earthed current will be
extremely high which can damage the equipment
• The earth current is limited by connecting a resistor
in series between earth and neutral point
• The earth current due to single phasing is limited not
to exceed rated current at maximum load

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Neutral Earth 1-Phase

Gen
Load

Earth Fault

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Neutral Earth 3-Phase

Gen Load

Fault in
Earth Line
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• 8.LL. High Voltage Equipment

• Testing
• The high voltage (e.g. 6.6 kV) installation
• covers the generation, main supply
• cables, switchgear, transformers, electric
• propulsion (if fitted) and a few large
• motors e.g. for side-thrusters and air
• conditioning compressors. For all electrical
• equipment the key indicator to
• High Voltage Equipment

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• voltage level which enhances the current

• flow. Remember that an electric shock
• current as low as 15 mA can be fatal

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• The risk to people working in HV areas

• is greatly minimised by the diligent
• application of sensible general and
• company safety regulations and procedures.
• Personnel who are required
• to routinely test and maintain HV
• equipment should be trained in the
• necessary practical safety procedures and
• certified as qualified for this duty.
• Approved safety clothing, footwear, eye
• protection and hard hat should be used
• where danger may arise from arcs, hot
• surfaces and high voltage etc.
• The access to HV switchboards and
• equipment must be strictly controlled
• by using a permit-to-work scheme and
• isolation procedures together wlth liae-line
• tests and earthing-down before any work
• is started. The electrical permit requirements
• and procedures are similar to
• permits used to control access in any
• hot-utork situation, e.g. welding, cutting,
• burning etc. in a potentially hazardous
• area.
• All work to be carried out on HV
• equipment is subject to an Electrical
• Permit to Work (EPTW).
• I
• .+III

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• EPTW
• The format of a permit will vary for
• different companies and organisations.
• The broad guidelines for the necessary
• declarations and procedures are outlined
• below:
• Before work is commenced on HV
• equipment an EPTW must be issued.
• This permit is usually the last stage
• of a planned maintenance task which has
• been discussed, prepared and approved
• by the authorising officer to be carried
• out by the responsiblep erson. The
• carbon-copied permit, signed by the
• responsible person, usually has at least
• five sections with the first stating the
• work to be carried out. The next section
• is a risk assessmendt eclaring wherb
• electrical isolation and earthing has
• been applied and where danger/caution
• notices have been displayed then the
• permit is signed as authorised by the
• Chief Electrotechnical Officer (CETO) or
• Chief Engineer. In the third section,
• the person responsible for the work
• (as named in section one) signs to
• declare that he/she is satisfied with the
• safety precautions and that the HV
• circuit has been isolated and earthed.
• Section four relates to the suspension
• or completion of the designated work.
• Finally, the last section cancels the permit
• with a signature from the authorising
• officer. A Permit-to-Work is usually valid
• only for 24 hours.
• Some marine and offshore companies
• will also require an associated Electrical
• lsolation Certiftcatet o declare and record
• exactlv where the circuit isolation and
• earthing has been applied before the
•
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• Test safety certificate may also be
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• HV live-line testing components.

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• it must be tested and proaed dead after

• disconnection and isolation. This can
• only be carried out by using an approved
• live-line tester as shown in Fig. 8.29. The
• tester itself must be proaen before and
• after such a test. This is checked by
• connecting the tester to a known HV
• source (supplied either as a separate
• battery operated unit or included as an
• internal self-test facility).
• Two people should always be together
• when working on HV equipment.
• * Earthing-down
• Before work can be allowed to commence
• on HV equipment it must be earthed to
• the hull for operator safety.
• As an example, consider the earthing
• arrangements at an HV switchboard.
• Here, the earthing-down method is of
• two types:
• Y Circuit Earthing:
• After disconnection from the live supply,
• an incoming or outgoing feeder cable
• is connected by a manually operated
• switch to connect all three conductors
• to earth. This action then releases a

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Portable earthing connectors.

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• Remember to alwavs connect the common

• wire to earth fiist before connecting
• the other wires to the three phase
• connections. When removing the earthing
• straps, always remove the earth connection
• last.

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• QUESTION
ANSWER
• Why is earthing down considered essential
So that the worker can be
• during HV maintenance?
assured that
the equipment (u^4 -himself)
cannot
experience any accidentally
applied

voltage because the earth

connection
bonds the circuit to earth (zero
volts).
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• permissiae-ketyo allow the circuit breaker

• to be withdrawn to the TEST position.
• The circuit breaker cannot be re-inserted
• until the earth has been removed and
• the key restored to its normal position.
• V Bus-bar Earthing:
• When it is necessary to work on a
• section of the HV switthboard bus-bars,
• they must be isolated from all possible
• electrical sources. This will include
• generator incomers, section or bus-tie
• breakers and transformers (which could
• back-feedo)n that bus-bar section. Earthing
• down is carried out at a bus-section
• breaker compartment after satisfying
• the permissive key exchanges. In some
• installations the application of a bus-bar
• earth is by a special earthing circuit
• breaker which is temporarily inserted
• into the switchboard solely for the
• bus-bar earthing duty.
• For extra confidence and operator safety,
• additional earthing can be connected local
• to the work task with approved portable
• earthing straps and an insulated extension
• tool, e.g. at the terminals of an HV motor
• as shown in Fig. 8.30.

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