Angular Kinematics

Tools for Measuring

Body Angles
Goniometer:
One arm fixed to protractor at 0
0

Other arm free to rotate
Center of goniometer over joint center
Arms aligned over longitudinal axes
Electrogoniometer (elgon):
Inclinometers:
Radian
Angular Kinematic Relationships
Angular Velocity



Angular velocity = angular displacement e = u
change in time At

Units: deg/s, rad/s, rev/s, & rpm
Angular Kinematic Relationships
Angular Acceleration
Angular acceleration = change in angular velocity
change in time
o = A e
At

Units: deg/s
2
, rad/s
2
, & rev/s
2


Angular Kinematic Relationships
Angular Motion Vectors
Right hand rule

Average vs. Instantaneous Angular
Quantities
Angular speed, Velocity, & Acceleration
Right Hand Rule
ROTATIONAL QUANTITIES
u - angular displacement (degrees,
radians, or revolutions)
u = s/r
e - angular speed (rads/sec)
e = u/t
o - angular acceleration (rads/sec2)
o = Ae/t
1 radian = 57.3
o
2t rads = 1 rev = 360
o
Centripetal Force
Required to maintain
centripetal
acceleration (Newtons
Laws)
Directed toward the
center
Acts at right angles to
motion
Ex: gravity, friction,
strings
F
c
= ma
c
= mre
2
=
mv
t
2
/r
Observing circular motion.
Where do you observe things moving with circular
motion?
The hammer swung by a hammer thrower
Clothes being dried in a spin drier
Chemicals being separated in a centrifuge
Cornering in a car or on a bike
A stone being whirled round on a string
A plane looping the loop
A DVD, CD or record spinning on its turntable
Satellites moving in orbits around the Earth
A planet orbiting the Sun (almost circular orbit for many)
Many fairground rides
An electron in orbit about a nucleus
Any motion in a curve is an example of circular motion.
Relationship Between
Linear and Angular Motion
d = r

Radius of rotation:

Linear distance & radius of rotation same
units
Angular distance in radians
Radius of Rotation
Linear and Angular Velocity
V = re m/s = (m) (rad/s)
With all other factors held constant, the
greater the radius of rotation at which a
swinging implement hits a ball, the greater
the linear velocity imparted to the ball
However, the magnitude of the angular velocity
figures as heavily as the length of the radius
of rotation in determining the linear velocity of
a point on a swinging implement
Linear and Angular Acceleration
Tangential acceleration:
a
t
= v
2
- v
1
/ t
a
t
= ro
Radial acceleration:
a
r
= v
2
/ r
a
t

a
r

DEFINITION OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Uniform circular motion is the motion of an object
traveling at a constant speed on a circular path.
5.1 Uniform Circular Motion
Let T be the time it takes for the object to
travel once around the circle.
v
r
T
=
2t
r
5.1 Uniform Circular Motion
Example 1: A Tire-Balancing Machine

The wheel of a car has a radius of 0.29m and it being rotated
at 830 revolutions per minute on a tire-balancing machine.
Determine the speed at which the outer edge of the wheel is
moving.
revolution min 10 2 . 1
min s revolution 830
1
3
=
s 072 . 0 min 10 2 . 1
3
= =

T
( )
s m 25
s 072 . 0
m 0.29 2 2
= = =
t t
T
r
v
5.2 Centripetal Acceleration
The direction of the centripetal acceleration is towards the
center of the circle
r
v
a
c
2
=
5.2 Centripetal Acceleration
Example 3: The Effect of Radius on Centripetal Acceleration

The bobsled track contains turns
with radii of 33 m and 24 m.
Find the centripetal acceleration
at each turn for a speed of
34 m/s. Express answers as
multiples of
. s m 8 . 9
2
= g
5.2 Centripetal Acceleration
r v a
c
2
=
( )
g a
c
6 . 3 s m 35
m 33
s m 34
2
2
= = =
( )
g a
c
9 . 4 s m 48
m 24
s m 34
2
2
= = =
5.3 Centripetal Force
The centripetal force is the name given to the net force
required to keep an object moving on a circular path.

The direction of the centripetal force always points toward
the center of the circle and continually changes direction
as the object moves.
r
v
m F
c
2
=
5.3 Centripetal Force
Example 5: The Effect of Speed on Centripetal Force

The model airplane has a mass of 0.90 kg and moves at
constant speed on a circle that is parallel to the ground.
The path of the airplane and the guideline lie in the same
horizontal plane because the weight of the plane is balanced
by the lift generated by its wings. Find the tension in the 17 m
guideline for a speed of 19 m/s.
r
v
m T F
c
2
= =
( )
( )
N 19
m 17
s m 19
kg 90 . 0
2
= = T
5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
There is only one speed that a satellite can have if the
satellite is to remain in an orbit with a fixed radius.
r
v
m
r
mM
G F
E
c
2
2
= =
r
GM
v
E
=
5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
Example 9: Orbital Speed of the Hubble Space Telescope

Determine the speed of the Hubble Space Telescope orbiting
at a height of 598 km above the earths surface.
( )( )
( ) h mi 16900 s m 10 56 . 7
m 10 598 m 10 38 . 6
kg 10 98 . 5 kg m N 10 67 . 6
3
3 6
24 2 2 11
=
+

=

v
5.6 Apparent Weightlessness and Artificial Gravity
Example 13: Artificial Gravity

At what speed must the surface of the space station move
so that the astronaut experiences a push on his feet equal to
his weight on earth? The radius is 1700 m.
mg
r
v
m F
c
= =
2
( )( )
2
s m 80 . 9 m 1700 =
= rg v
Question
Davain sits on the outer rim of a merry-
go-round, and Diego sits midway
between the center and the rim. The
merry-go-round makes one complete
revolution every two seconds.
Diegos velocity is:
(a) the same as Davians
(b) Faster than Davians
(c) Slower than Davians
Diego
Davian
a = V
2
/r
(C) Diego is slower
than the velocity of
Davian
Conceptual Question
You and a friend are playing on the merry-go-round. You
stand at the outer edge of the merry-go-round and your
friend stands halfway between the outer edge and the
center. Assume the rotation rate of the merry-go-round is
constant.
Who has the greatest angular velocity?
1. You do
2. Your friend does
3. Same
CORRECT
Since the angular displacement is the same in both
cases.
you
The End