Born

18 December 1856 Cheetham Hill, Manchester, UK 30 August 1940 (aged 83) Cambridge, UK British Physics

Died

Nationality Fields

Institutions
Known for

University of Cambridge
Plum pudding model Discovery of electron Discovery of isotopes Mass spectrometer invention First m/e measurement Proposed first waveguide Thomson scattering Thomson problem Coining term 'delta ray' Coining term 'epsilon radiation' Thomson (unit)

The plum pudding model of the atom by J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron in 1897, was proposed in 1904 before the discovery of the atomic nucleus. In this model, the atom is composed of electrons. surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges, like negatively-charged "plums" surrounded by positively-charged "pudding.

An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the electrons are embedded in it.
The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. So, the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.

Born

30 August 1871 Brightwater, New Zealand

19 October 1937 (aged 66) Cambridge, England British-New Zealander Physicist-Chemist McGill University University of Manchester Father of nuclear physics Rutherford model Rutherford scattering Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy Discovery of proton Rutherford (unit) Coining the term 'artificial disintegration'

Died

Nationality Fields Institutions

Known for

The Rutherford model or planetary model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford. According to him it has the features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and containing the bulk of the atomic mass. Rutherford's model did not make any new headway in explaining the electron-structure of the atom; in this regard Rutherford merely mentioned earlier atomic models in which a number of tiny electrons circled the nucleus like planets around the sun.

Aomic model Rutherford: electrons (green) and nucleus (red).

The Gold foil experiment was an experiment to probe the structure of the atom performed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester. The unexpected results of the experiment demonstrated for the first time the existence of theatomic nucleus, leading to the downfall of the plum pudding model of the atom, and the development of the or planetary model.

Most of the fast moving -particles passed straight through the gold foil. Some of the -particles were deflected by the foil by small angles. Surprisingly one out of every 12000 particles appeared to rebound. Most of the space inside the atom is empty because most of the - particles passed through the gold foil without getting deflected. Very few particles were deflected from their path, indicating that the positive charge of the atom occupies very little space
A very small fraction of - particles were deflected by 180 , indicating that all positive charge and mass mass of the gold atom were concentrated in a very small volume within the atom.

In atomic physics, the Bohr model, introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleussimilar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity. This was an improvement on the earlier cubic model (1902), the plum-pudding model (1904), the Saturnian model (1904), and the Rutherford model (1911). Since the Bohr model is a quantum-physicsbased modification of the Rutherford model, many sources combine the two, referring to the RutherfordBohr model.

1A 1 H 1s1

2A

3A

4A

5A

6A

7A

8A 2 He 1s2

3 Li 1s2 2s1

4 Be 1s2 2s2

5 B 1s2 2s22p1

6 C 1s2 2s22p2

7 N 1s2 2s22p3

8 O 1s2 2s22p4

9 F 1s2 2s22p5

10 Ne 1s2 2s22p6

11 Na [Ne] 3s1

12 Mg [Ne] 3s2

13 Al [Ne] 3s23p1

14 Si [Ne] 3s23p2

15 P [Ne] 3s23p3

16 S [Ne] 3s23p4

17 Cl [Ne] 3s23p5

18 Ar [Ne] 3s23p6

Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, which have differing numbers of neutrons. Atoms of a particular element by definition must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation of the atom as a particular element. The number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus, known as themass number, is not the same for two isotopes of any element. For example, carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13 and 14 respectively. The atomic number of carbon is 6 (every carbon atom has 6 protons); therefore the neutron numbers in these isotopes are 6, 7 and 8 respectively.

7-Helium

8-Helium

An isotope of Uranium is used as a fuel in Neclear reactor.

An isotope of cobalt is used in treatment of cancer. An isotope of iodine is used in treatment of Goitre

An isotope of americium is used in smoke detectors.

An isotope of carbon is used for finding the age of an object.

Isobars are atoms of different elements with the same mass number but different atomic number. In other words, isobars have different number of protons, neutrons and electrons but sum of protons and neutrons is same.