kena| System Cb[ect|ves

W Cross AnaLomy of kldney ureLers 8ladder ureLhra

W ulfferenL arLs of kldney on LonglLudlnal SecLlon
W ueflnlLlon parLs of nephron
W 8enal corpuscle 8owmen's capsule Clamorous
W Layers of 8owmen's Capsule and lLs llnlng
W odocyLes lllLraLlon SllL and fllLraLlon membrane
W roxlmal ConvoluLed Lubules Loop of Penles dlsLal
ConvoluLed Lubules CollecLlng Lubules and uucLs
W !uxLaglomerular ApparaLus
W 8lood supply of kldney
8enal SysLem
W 8egulaLe mestas|s LhaL
ls 8egulaLlon Cf lluld And
SalLs levels ln Lhe body
W I|a I||trat|n Se|ect|ve
keabsrpt|n Secret|n
W kegu|at|n 8|
ressure I|a ken|n
producLlon
W St|mu|ate k8Cs pruct|n
I|a Lrytr|et|n producLlon
W ConslsLs of 2 kldneys
((lllLraLlon 8eabsorpLlon))
2 ureLers ((ConducLlve))
Cne urlnary 8ladder
((8eservlor)) and Cne
ureLhra ((LxcreLory))
kldneys
Lach kldney has a concave
medlal border Lhe Pllum
where nerves enLer blood
and lymph vessels enLer
and exlL and Lhe ureLer
LxlLs and a convex laLeral
surface 1he renal pelvls
Lhe expanded upper end of
Lhe ureLer ls dlvlded lnLo
Lwo or Lhree Ma[or
Calyces Several small
branches Lhe Mlnor
Calyces arlse from each
ma[or calyx
LonglLudlnal SecLlon of kldney
1he kldney can be dlvlded
lnLo an ouLer crtex and
an lnner meu||a ln
humans Lhe renal medulla
conslsLs of 8 Lo 18 conlcal
or pyramldal sLrucLures
Lhe meu||ary pyram|s
lrom Lhe base of each
medullary pyramld
parallel arrays of Lubules
Lhe meu||ary rays
peneLraLe Lhe corLex
8enal nephron
W Lach kldney ls dlvlded lnLo
ouLer crtex lnner Meu||a
W Lach Crtex has abouL 14
mllllon nephrons
W nephron made of
W kena| Crpusc|es rx|ma|
Cnv|ute 1ubu|e 1|n
t|ck |ps nen|e's D|sta|
Cnv|ute 1ubu|es an
C||ect|ng 1ubu|es Ducts
8lood ClrculaLlon
Lach kldney kece|ves 8|
Irm Its kena| Artery
whlch usually dlvldes lnLo
Segmenta| branches
before enLerlng Lhe organ
Whlle sLlll ln Lhe hllum
Lhese branches glve rlse Lo
arLerles LhaL branch agaln
Lo form Lhe Inter|bar
arLerles locaLed beLween
Lhe kena| yram|s
8lood ClrculaLlon
AL Lhe level of Lhe
CorLlcomedullary !uncLlon
Lhe |nter|bar arter|es form
Lhe Arcuate Arter|es
lnLerlobular arLerles branch
off aL rlghL angles from Lhe
ArcuaLe ArLerles and follow
a course ln Lhe crtex
perpen|cu|ar t te rena|
capsu|e lnLerlobular
arLerles form Lhe
boundarles of Lhe renal
lobules whlch conslsL of a
medullary ray and Lhe
ad[acenL corLlcal labyrlnLh
8lood ClrculaLlon
lrom Lhe Inter|bu|ar Arter|es
Ar|se 1e Aerent Arter||es
whlch supply blood Lo Lhe
caplllarles of Lhe glomerull
8lood asses from Lhese
caplllarles lnLo Lhe Lerent
Arter||es whlch aL once
branch agaln Lo form a
per|tubu|ar cap|||ary netwrk
LhaL wlll nourlsh Lhe proxlmal
and dlsLal Lubules and carry
away absorbed lons and low
molecularwelghL maLerlals
1he efferenL arLerloles LhaL are
assoclaLed wlLh [uxLamedullary
nephrons form long Lhln
caplllary vessels
8lood ClrculaLlon
1hese vessels whlch follow a
sLralghL paLh lnLo Lhe
medulla and Lhen loop back
Loward Lhe corLlcomedullary
boundary are called Iasa
kecta (Stra|gt Iesse|s) 1he
ascendlng vessel has a
fenesLraLed endoLhellum
1hese vessels conLalnlng
blood LhaL has been fllLered
Lhrough Lhe glomerull
provlde nourlshmenL and
oxygen Lo Lhe medulla
kena| Crpusc|e
Lach renal crpusc|e |s
abut 200 3m ln
dlameLer and Lwo
sLrucLures
G|meru|us
2 8wman's capsu|e
G|meru|us w|c conslsLs
of a LufL of caplllarles
Lhe G|meru|us
surrounded by a double
walled eplLhellal capsule
called G|meru|ar
Capsu|e
kena| Crpusc|e
8wmans capsu|e 1he
lnLernal layer or Lhe
I|scera| Layer of Lhe
capsule envelops Lhe
caplllarles of Lhe
glomerulus 1he
exLernal layer forms
Lhe ouLer llmlL of Lhe
renal corpuscle and ls
called Lhe ar|eta|
Layer of 8owmans
capsule
kena| Crpusc|e
8eLween Lhe Lwo layers of
8owmans capsule ls Lhe
urlnary space whlch recelves
Lhe |u| ||tere trug te
cap|||ary wa|| an te v|scera|
|ayer Lach renal corpuscle has
a vascu|ar p|e where Lhe
afferenL arLerlole enLers and
Lhe efferenL arLerlole leaves
and a Ur|nary |e where Lhe
proxlmal convoluLed Lubule
beglns AfLer enLerlng Lhe renal
corpuscle Lhe afferenL arLerlole
usually dlvldes lnLo Lwo Lo flve
prlmary branches each
subdlvldlng lnLo caplllarles and
formlng Lhe renal glomerulus
arleLal Layer Cf 8owmans Capsule
1he ar|eta| Layer C
8wmans Capsu|e
Cns|sts C A S|mp|e
Squamus Lp|te||um
supporLed by a basal
lamlna and a Lhln layer of
reLlcular flbers AL Lhe
urlnary pole Lhe
eplLhellum changes Lo
Lhe slmple cuboldal or
low columnar
eplLhellum characLerlsLlc
of Lhe proxlmal Lubule
I|scera| Layer 8wmen's Capsu|e
Cells of Interna| Layer Are
Ca||e As 1e cytes
have a cell body rm w|c
ar|se severa| pr|mary
prcesses Lac pr|mary
prcess g|ves r|se t
numerus secnary
prcesses called pedlcels
LhaL embrace Lhe caplllarles
of Lhe glomerulus AL a
perlodlc dlsLance of 23 nm
Lhe secnary prcesses are
|n |rect cntact w|t te
basa| |am|na cap|||ar|es
1he cell bodles of podocyLes
and Lhelr prlmary processes
do noL Louch Lhe basemenL
membrane
I||trat|n S||t
1he Secnary rcesses
C cytes
Inter|g|tate deflnlng
elongaLed spaces abouL
23 nm wlde formlng Lhe
fllLraLlon sllLs Spannlng
ad[acenL processes (and
Lhus brldglng Lhe
fllLraLlon sllLs) ls a
D|apragm abouL 6 nm
Lhlck odocyLes have
bundles of acLln fllamenLs
ln Lhelr cyLoplasm LhaL
glve Lhem a conLracLlle
capaclLy
lllLraLlon 8arrler or ulaphragm
8eLween Lhe Ienestrate
Lnte||a| Ce||s of Lhe
glomerular caplllarles and
Lhe cytes LhaL cover
Lhelr exLernal surfaces ls a
Lhlck (013) 8asement
Membrane 1hls membrane
ls belleved Lo be Lhe fllLraLlon
barrler LhaL separaLes Lhe
urlnary space and Lhe blood
ln Lhe caplllarles 1he
basemenL membrane ls
derlved from Lhe fuslon of
caplllary and podocyLe
produced basal lamlnae
D|apragm I||trat|n S||t
8enal lllLer Made off
1 lenesLraLed Caplllarles
2 underlylng 8asemenL
Membrane
3 SllLs creaLed by Crlss
Crosslng of Secondary
rocesses of odocyLes
surroundlng Lhe
Caplllarles
Mesang|a| ce||
Mesanglal cells are
Spec|a||ze Ce||s Arun
8| Iesse|s ln Lhe
kldneys aL Lhe
mesanglum 1hey are
usually dlvlded lnLo Lwo
Lypes each havlng a
very dlsLlncL funcLlon
and locaLlon
Lxtrag|meru|ar
mesang|a| ce||s
Intrag|meru|ar mesang|a|
ce||s
Lxtrag|meru|ar mesang|a| ce||
LxLraglomerular mesanglal
cells (also known as Lac|s
Ce||s) are llghLsLalnlng cells
ln Lhe kldney found ouLslde
Lhe glomerulus near Lhe
vascular pole and macula
densa
Lac|s ce||s form Lhe
Iuxtag|meru|ar Apparatus
ln comblnaLlon w|t tw
ter types ce||s Lhe
Macu|a Densa of Lhe dlsLal
convoluLed Lubule and
Iuxtag|meru|ar ce||s of Lhe
afferenL arLerlole
Intrag|meru|ar Mesang|a| Ce||
lnLraglomerular mesanglal
cells are speclallzed
perlcyLes locaLed among
Lhe glomerular caplllarles
wlLhln a renal corpuscle of
a kldney
1here are Lhree prlmary
funcLlons of
lnLraglomerular mesanglal
cells ||trat|n structura|
supprt an pagcyts|s
Structura| Iunct|na| Un|t k|ney
SLrucLural funcLlonal unlL of
kldney ls Neprn Lach
kldney ls composed of 1
mllllon nephrons Lach
nephron conslsLs of a dllaLed
porLlon 1e kena|
Crpusc|e 1e rx|ma|
Cnv|ute 1ubu|e 1e
1|n An 1|ck L|mbs C
nen|es Lp 1e D|sta|
Cnv|ute 1ubu|e An 1e
C||ect|ng 1ubu|es An
C||ect|ng Ducts
roxlmal ConvoluLed 1ubule
AL Lhe urlnary pole of Lhe renal
corpuscle Lhe squamous
eplLhellum of Lhe parleLal
layer of 8owmans capsule ls
conLlnuous wlLh Lhe
Cub|a| Cr Lw C|umnar
eplLhellum of Lhe proxlmal
convoluLed Lubule 1hls
Lubule ls longer Lhan Lhe
dlsLal convoluLed Lubule and
ls Lherefore more frequenLly
seen near renal corpuscles ln
Lhe renal corLex
roxlmal ConvoluLed 1ubule
1he cells of Lhls Cub|a|
Lp|te||um have an
acldophlllc cyLoplasm
because of Lhe presence of
numerous L|ngate
M|tcnr|a 1he cell
apex has Abunant
M|crv|||| abouL 1 m ln
lengLh whlch form a 8rus
8rer 8ecause Lhe cells
are large each Lransverse
secLlon of a proxlmal
Lubule conLalns only Lhree
Lo flve spherlcal nuclel
Penles Loop
nen|es Lp Is A Usape
sLrucLure conslsLlng of a 1|n
Descen|ng L|mb and a Lhlck
ascendlng llmb 1he Lhlck
llmbs are very S|m||ar In
Structure 1 1e D|sta|
Cnv|ute 1ubu|e ln Lhe
ouLer medulla Lhe Lhlck
descendlng llmb wlLh an
ouLer dlameLer of abouL 60
3 suddenly narrows Lo abouL
12 3 and conLlnues as Lhe
Lhln descendlng llmb 1he
lumen of Lhls segmenL of Lhe
nephron ls wlde 8ecause 1e
Wa|| Cns|sts C Squamus
Lp|te||a| Ce||s whose nuclel
proLrude only sllghLly lnLo
Lhe lumen
ulsLal ConvoluLed 1ubule
1hls Lubule ||ke te ascen|ng ||mb
|s ||ne w|t s|mp|e cub|a|
ep|te||um 1he dlsLal convoluLed
Lubules dlffer from Lhe proxlmal
convoluLed Lubules (boLh found ln
Lhe corLex) because Lhey have N
8rus 8rer N Ap|ca|
Cana||cu|| and smaller cells
8ecause dlsLal Lubule cells are
flaLLer and smaller Lhan Lhose of
Lhe proxlmal Lubule Mre Nuc|e|
Are Seen In 1e D|sta| 1ubu|e
1an In 1e rx|ma| 1ubu|e
Cells of Lhe dlsLal convoluLed
Lubule have elaboraLe 8asa|
Membrane Invag|nat|ns An
Assc|ate M|tcnr|a
((Str|at|n)) In|cat|ve C 1e|r
Intransprt|ng Iunct||n
ulsLal ConvoluLed 1ubule
1he dlsLal convoluLed Lubule
esLabllshes Cntact W|t 1e
Iascu|ar |e C 1e kena|
Crpusc|e of lLs parenL
nephron AL Lhls polnL of close
conLacL Lhe dlsLal Lubule ls
modlfled as ls Lhe afferenL
arLerlole ln Lhls
Iuxtag|meru|ar keg|n cells
of Lhe dlsLal convoluLed Lubule
usually become C|umnar and
Lhelr nuclel are closely packed
LogeLher and change ln Lhe
sLrucLure of cells of dlsLal
convulaLed Lubule near renal
corpuscle ls called as Macu|a
Densa 1e ce||s te macu|a
ensa are sens|t|ve t te |n|c
cntent an water v|ume
te tubu|ar |u|
CollecLlng 1ubules uucLs
urlne passes from Lhe D|sta|
Cnv|ute 1ubu|es t
C||ect|ng 1ubu|es LhaL [oln each
oLher Lo form larger sLralghL
C||ect|ng Ducts Whlch approach
Lhe Llps of Lhe medullary
pyramlds
1he Sma||er C||ect|ng 1ubu|es Are
L|ne W|t Cub|a| Lp|te||um
and have a dlameLer of
approxlmaLely 40 3 As Lhey
peneLraLe deeper lnLo Lhe
medulla 1e|r Ce||s Increase In
ne|gt Unt|| 1ey 8ecme
C|umnar 1he dlameLer of Lhe
collecLlng ducL reaches 200 3
near Lhe Llps of Lhe medullary
pyramlds
!uxLaglomerular ApparaLus
Ad[acenL Lo Lhe renal
corpuscle Lhe Lunlca
medla of 1e Aerent
Arter||e nas M||e
Smt Musc|e Ce||s
1hese cells are called
Iuxtag|meru|ar (IG) Ce||s
and have a cyLoplasm full
of secreLory granules
Secret|ns IG ce||s play
a role ln Lhe malnLenance
of blood pressure
!uxLaglomerular ApparaLus
1he Macu|a Densa C 1e
D|sta| Cnv|ute 1ubu|e ls
usually locaLed near Lhe
reglon of Lhe afferenL
arLerlole LhaL conLalns Lhe IG
ce||s LogeLher Lhls porLlon of
Lhe Arter||e An 1e
Macu|a Densa Irm 1e IG
Apparatus Also a parL of Lhe
!C apparaLus are some llghL
sLalnlng cells whose
funcLlons are noL well
undersLood 1hey are called
exLraglomerular mesanglal
cells or lacls cells