Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Chapter Six
Presented by: Ziad Ziedan
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objectives
Explain how changes in activity affect contribution margin and net operating income. Prepare and interpret a cost-volume-profit (CVP) graph. Use the contribution margin ratio (CM ratio) to compute changes in contribution margin and net operating income resulting from changes in sales volume. Show the effects on contribution margin of changes in variable costs, fixed costs, selling price, and volume. Compute the break-even point. Determine the level of sales needed to achieve a desired target profit. Compute the margin of safety and explain its significance.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
CM is used first to cover fixed expenses. Any remaining CM contributes to net operating income.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
CVP Graph
450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
In a CVP graph, unit volume is usually represented on the horizontal (X) axis and dollars on the vertical (Y) axis.
Units
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
CVP Graph
450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Units
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Each $1.00 increase in sales results in a total contribution margin increase of 40.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
400 Bikes Sales $ 200,000 Less: variable expenses 120,000 Contribution margin 80,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ -
A $50,000 increase in sales revenue results in a $20,000 increase in CM. ($50,000 40% = $20,000)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the CM Ratio for Coffee Klatch? Unit contribution margin CM Ratio = a. 1.319 Unit selling price b. 0.758 ($1.49-$0.36) = $1.49 c. 0.242 d. 4.139 $1.13
= $1.49 = 0.758
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What is the profit impact if Racing can increase unit sales from 500 to 540 by increasing the monthly advertising budget by $10,000?
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
What is the profit impact if Racing can use higher quality raw materials, thus increasing variable costs per unit by $10, to generate an increase in unit sales from 500 to 580?
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Change in Regular Sales Price If Racing has an opportunity to sell 150 bikes to a wholesaler without disturbing sales to other customers or fixed expenses, what price would it quote to the wholesaler if it wants to increase monthly profits by $3,000?
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
150 bikes $320 per bike = $ 48,000 Total variable costs = 45,000 Increase in net income = $ 3,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Break-Even Analysis
Break-even analysis can be approached in two ways: 1. Equation method 2. Contribution margin method
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Equation Method
Profits = (Sales Variable expenses) Fixed expenses OR Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Break-Even Analysis
Here is the information from Racing Bicycle Company:
Total Sales (500 bikes) $ 250,000 Less: variable expenses 150,000 Contribution margin $ 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 Per Unit $ 500 300 $ 200 Percent 100% 60% 40%
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Equation Method
We calculate the break-even point as follows:
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Equation Method
We calculate the break-even point as follows:
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
$500Q = $300Q + $80,000 + $0 $200Q = $80,000 Q = $80,000 $200 per bike Q = 400 bikes
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Equation Method
The equation can be modified to calculate the break-even point in sales dollars.
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
X = 0.60X + $80,000 + $0
Where: X = Total sales dollars 0.60 = Variable expenses as a % of sales $80,000 = Total fixed expenses
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Equation Method
The equation can be modified to calculate the break-even point in sales dollars.
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Lets use the contribution margin method to calculate the break-even point in total sales dollars at Racing.
Break-even point in total sales dollars = Fixed expenses CM ratio
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales in units? a. 872 cups b. 3,611 cups c. 1,200 cups d. 1,150 cups
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable Fixed expenses Break-even = Unit CM expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold $1,300 = each month on average. What is the- break-even $1.49/cup $0.36/cup sales in units? $1,300 = a. 872 cups $1.13/cup b. 3,611 cups = 1,150 cups c. 1,200 cups d. 1,150 cups
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales in dollars? a. $1,300 b. $1,715 c. $1,788 d. $3,129
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales in dollars? a. $1,300 Fixed expenses Break-even = CM Ratio sales b. $1,715 $1,300 c. $1,788 = 0.758 d. $3,129
= $1,715
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Suppose Racing Bicycle Company wants to know how many bikes must be sold to earn a profit of $100,000.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Q = 900 bikes
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The Contribution Margin Approach The contribution margin method can be used to determine that 900 bikes must be sold to earn the target profit of $100,000.
Unit sales to attain = the target profit Fixed expenses + Target profit Unit contribution margin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. How many cups of coffee would have to be sold to attain target profits of $2,500 per month? a. 3,363 cups b. 2,212 cups c. 1,150 cups d. 4,200 cups
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Quick Check
Unit sales Fixed expenses + Target profit to attain = Unit in a Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand CM target profit downtown office building. The average selling price $1,300 + $2,500 = of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and - $0.36 $1.49 the average variable
expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed $3,800 expense per month is $1,300. How many cups of = $1.13 coffee would have to be sold to attain target profits = of $2,500 per month? 3,363 cups a. 3,363 cups b. 2,212 cups c. 1,150 cups d. 4,200 cups
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Lets look at Racing Bicycle Company and determine the margin of safety.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the margin of safety? a. 3,250 cups b. 950 cups c. 1,150 cups d. 2,100 cups
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price Margin of safety = Total sales Break-even sales of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the 1,150 cups = 2,100 cups average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed = 950 cups expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold or each month on of safety What iscupsmargin of 950 the Margin average. safety? percentage = 2,100 cups = 45% a. 3,250 cups b. 950 cups c. 1,150 cups d. 2,100 cups
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Key Assumptions of CVP Analysis Selling price is constant. Costs are linear. In multi-product companies, the sales mix is constant. In manufacturing companies, inventories do not change (units produced = units sold).
McGraw-Hill/Irwin