Topic 9.

 Angiosperms are the flowering plants They make seeds They are different than gymnosperms (like pine trees) because gymnosperms make seeds without making flowers. Remember that the angiosperms can be divided into the monocots and dicots

 http://www.wisconline.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BI O1305

9.3.1 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a dicotyledonous animal-pollinated flower

9.3.2 Distinguish between pollination fertilization and seed dispersal

 Pollination: the process by which pollen is placed on the female stigma Fertilization: the process by which the sperm of the plant unites with the egg Seed dispersal: the process by which the embryo (protected in the seed) is dispersed to distant locations http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl 3AOM

 Yellow Book Pollination in Plants page 297-304

9.3.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the external and internal structure of a named dicotyledonous seed

Embryo leaves

Embryo shoot Embryo root Micropyle Cotyledon Testa

embryo - developing plant still inside the seed. The embryo has cotyledons (embryonic leaves), a root cap, a food source and a plumule (shoot). micropyle - the small pore in a seed that that allows water absorption embryo shoot (hypocotyl)- the part of the stem of a sprouting plant that is above the root and below the stalk of the cotyledon (seed leaves) seed coat (testa) - seed coat is the outer, protective layer covering the seed seed leaf (cotyledon) - the embryonic leaf within a seed embryo root (radicle)- will become the root of the plant

9.3.4 Explain the conditions needed for the germination of a typical seed

 Germination is the development of a seed into in functioning plant. Oxygen, water and a suitable temperature is needed for germination.

 Oxygen is need in aerobic respiration to produce ATP so the plant has the energy needed to germinate.

 Water is taken in and rehydrates the seed causing it to swell up. This cracks the testa and enzymes are activated which begin breaking down large molecules.

 Temperature needs to be suitable for the type of seed that is germinating. Some seed require a period of low temperature followed by one of high temperature to break dormancy (ensures seeds do not germinate until winter has passed).

 Germination is a very uncertain time in a plants life cycle and many seeds do not produce a viable plant because of threats to the fragile seedling such as harsh weather, predators and parasites.

9.3.5 Outline the metabolic processes during germination of a starchy seed

1. Water is absorbed and it activates the cotyledon cells 2. The plant synthesizes gibberellin (a plant growth substance) 3. The gibberellin causes the enzyme amylase to be produced 4. Amylase breaks down the seeds into maltose 5. The maltose diffuses to the embryo where it will be used for energy release and growth

 Yellow Book Germination in Plants page 305-306

9.3.6 Explain how flowering is controlled in long-day and shortday plants including the role of phytochrome

 Plants are able to detect the presence of light, its direction, wavelength and even intensity Photoperiodism is a plants response to light due to the length of day and night Plants must flower when pollinators are available and when resources are abundant

Long day plants

Blooms when days are the longest and nights the shortest Short day plants Blooms in late spring, late summer and autumn when days are shorter Day-neutral plants Flower without regard to day length

Radishes, spinach, lettuce

Poinsettas, aster, and chrysanthemums

Roses, dandelions and tomatoes

 Photoperiodicty is the term used to describe a plants response to the length of the night. Plants use a special blue-green pigment known as phytochrome to regulate their photoperiodism. Watch this mini lecture to get a basic understanding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3jdrSW
xJ64&feature=relmfu

 Phytochrome is a photoreceptor that exists in two forms or states. There is an active form known as Pfr and an inactive form known as Pr.

 Long day plants are stimulated to flower when Pfr is present in the right amount Short day plants are inhibited by Pfr and will flower when it is not present

 Long dark period and short days allows more Pfr to revert back to Pr - this is when short day plant flowers Long days and short nights produces increased Pfr this stimulates the long day plant to flower Pfr acts as a promoter of flowering in long day plants and inhibits flowering in short day plants

This step here occurs rapidly in the light and slowly in the dark

 Many experiments were done on this topic You should be able to explain these experiments

 In short-day plants the length of the night (darkness) is the critical factor If it is too short, the plant wont flower If a long enough time period is interrupted by a flash, it wont flower Why? The flash restarts the time period

 In long-day plants the length of the night (darkness) is also the critical factor If it is too long, the plant wont flower If a long time period is interrupted by a flash, it will flower

 http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte nt/chp39/3902002.html http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/ chapter41/animation__phytochrome_signaling.html

 Yellow Book Photoperiodism in Plants page 277-288