Advanced Computer Architecture

CS 704

Lecture 1
VU-Advanced Computer Architecture

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Advanced Computer Architecture

Introduction
Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Chughtai
VU-Advanced Computer Architecture

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Advanced Computer Architecture

Prerequisites
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Computer System

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Computer Architecture Verses Organization

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Academic History

1944 Stored program concept

VU-Advanced Computer Architecture

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Academic History

1945 ENIAC the Worlds First operational calculator

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Academic History

1946 ISA machine 10 times faster than ENIAC

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Commercial History

1949 51 UNIVAC-I $1 Million

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Commercial History Contd

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1952 - 63 IBM-701 CDC 6600 PDP-8

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Microprocessors
1971 - 2006
Mainframe Workstation PC

Server
Supercomputer Minisupercomputer

Massively Parallel Processors

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Course Focus
Quantitative principle of computer design
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Course Focus Instruction set Architectures

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Course Focus

Datapath and control

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Course Focus
Memory Hierarchy Design Main memory Cache Hard drives
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Course Focus Multiprocessor Architectures

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Course Focus
Storage and I/O Systems
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Course Focus

Computer Clusters
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Text Book
Computer Architecture: A quantitative approach
Hennessy J. L and Petterson D. A, 3rd Ed. 2003, 4th Ed. 2006
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References
Computer Organization and Design:
The hardware/software interface

Hennessy and Petterson

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References
Computer Organization and Architecture

th 6

Stalling W. Edition Prentice Hall, 2003

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VU-Advanced Computer Architecture

References
Research papers on Computer Design and Architecture
IEEE and ACM conferences, transactions and journals
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Topic Coverage
Fundamentals of Computer Design Instruction Set Principles Computer H/W Design (Review) Inst. Level Parallelism (Dynamic Approach) Inst. Level Parallelism (Software approach) Memory Hierarchy Design I/O and Storage System Interconnection Networks and multiprocessors Ch. 1 Ch. 2
(Lec. Notes/ App. A)

Ch. 3 Ch. 4 Ch. 5 Ch. 7

Ch. 8 and Ch.6

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Course Style Research in the small

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Four Perspective of Computer Architecture

Input/Output and Storage Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection

Memory Hierarchy

Processor Design
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Processor Design:
Input/Output and Storage

Computer Architecture Perspective .. Contd

Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection

Memory Hierarchy

L1 Cache

Processor Design

Cache design, block size and associativity Addressing modes and Protection

VLSI

Instruction Set Architecture

Pipelining, Instruction Level Parallelism, Hazard Resolution, Superscalar, Reordering, Prediction, Speculation, Vector, DSP
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Memory Hierarchy:
Input/Output and Storage Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection

Computer Architecture Perspective ..Contd

Virtual Memory

DRAM Memory Hierarchy L2 Cache

Emerging Technologies Interleaving Bus protocols Coherence, Bandwidth, Latency

Processor Design
VU-Advanced Computer Architecture

L1 Cache Instruction Set Arch. Pipelining, ILP etc.

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I/O and Storage:

Disks and Tape
Input/Output and Storage RAID

Computer Architecture Perspective

Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection

DRAM
Memory Hierarchy

L2 Cache

Processor Design

L1 Cache

Instruction Set Arch.

Pipelining, ILP etc.
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VU-Advanced Computer Architecture

Multiprocessor and Networks: Computer Architecture Perspective

Disks, WORM, Tape
Input/Output and Storage RAID Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Shared memory

DRAM
Memory Hierarchy

..

L2 Cache

Interconnecting network
Network switches Routing, bandwidth, latency

Processor Design

L1 Cache

Instruction Set Arch.

Pipelining, ILP etc.
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VU-Advanced Computer Architecture

Computer Design Cycle

Performance Technology and Cost

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Computer Design Cycle

Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks Benchmarks

1 Performance
The computer design is evaluated for bottlenecks using certain benchmarks to achieve the optimum performance..
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Technology and cost

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Performance (Metric) .Design cycle

contd

Time/Latency: The wall clock or CPU elapsed time. Throughput: The number of results per second.
Other measures such as MIPS, MFLOPS, clock frequency (MHz), cache size do not make any sense.
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Performance (Measuring Tools) Design Cycle

Contd

Benchmarks: Hardware: Cost, delay, area, power consumption Simulation (at levels - ISA, RT, Gate, Circuit) Queuing Theory Rules of Thumb Fundamental Laws/Principles
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Computer Design Cycle

1: Performance
Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks using Benchmarks

2: Technology
Workloads Simulate New Designs and Organizations

The Technology Trends motivate new designs. These designs are simulated to evaluate the performance for different levels of workloads. Simulation helps in keeping the result verification
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Technology Trends: Computer Generations

Vacuum tube Transistor Small scale integration
Up to 100 devices/chip

1946-1957 1st Gen. 1958-1964 2nd Gen. 1965-1968

1969-1971 3rd Gen. 1972-1977 1978 on.. 4th Gen.

Medium scale integration

100-3,000 devices/chip

Large scale integration

3,000 - 100,000 devices/chip

Very large scale integration

100,000 - 100,000,000 devices/chip

Ultra large scale integration

Over 100,000,000 devices/chip
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Technology Trends:
100,000,000

Processor Transistor density

Graduating Window 5.2 15 Million transistors in PowerPC and Pentium Pro
I Pentium

10,000,000

1,000,000

Moors Law
I 80386 I 80286

I 80486

Transistors

100,000

I 8086

10,000
I 8080 I 4004 1,000 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year 1990 1995 2000

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Technology Trends:

Processor Performance
Performance of Microprocessor is more than supercomputer
Mainframes

1000
Supercomputers

100

10
Minicomputers Microprocessors

0.1

1965
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1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Year
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Computer Design Cycle

3: Cost
Implementation Complexity

1: Performance

The systems are implemented using the latest technology to obtain cost effective, high performance solution - the implementation complexities are given due consideration
Implement Next Generation System
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2: Technology
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Price Verses Cost

The relationship between cost and price is complex one The cost is the total amount spends to produce a product The price is the amount for which a finished good is sold. The cost passes through different stages before it becomes price. A small change in cost may have a big impact on price
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Thank You and

Aslamu-a-Lacum
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