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Tutorial 1

Introduction to the Internet and the World Wide Web

History, Structure, and Getting Connected

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Objectives
Obtain an overview of the information and tools that are available on the Internet Learn what computer networks and internets are and how they work Find out how the Internet and the World Wide Web began and grew Compare different methods for connecting to the Internet
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Internet and World Wide Web:XP Amazing Developments

The Internet is a large collection of computers all over the world connected to one another. One of the most amazing technological developments of the 20th century. The World Wide Web is a subset of computers on the Internet that has helped make Internet resources available to people who are not computer experts.

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Internet and World Wide Web:XP Amazing Developments

New Ways to Communicate
E-mail Electronic discussions Instant messaging

Information Resources and Software

Newspapers & magazines Government documents Research reports & books Software download sites
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Internet and World Wide Web:XP Amazing Developments

Doing Business Online
Electronic storefronts Coordinate worldwide operations Recruit employees

Entertainment
Review restaurants, movies, theater, musical events and books. Interactive games Follow sports teams
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Computer Networks
Network Interface Card (NIC): a card used to connect a computer to a network of other computers. Server: computer that accepts requests and shares some or all of its resources with computers it is connected to.

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Client/Server Local Area Networks

Server: runs software that coordinates information flow among other computers. Client: computers connected to a server. Network Operating System: software that runs on a server. Client/Server Networks: one server computer sharing its resources with multiple client computers.

Local Area Network (LAN): network of computers located close to each other.
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Client/Server LAN

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Client/Server Local Area Networks

Node or network node: each computer, printer, or other device connected to a network. Minicomputer and mainframe computer: larger, more expensive computers used by businesses and organizations to process large amounts of work.
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Connecting Computers XP to a Network Types of Cable

Twisted Pair: oldest type, used by telephone companies, usually Category 1. Coaxial Cable: 20 times faster than Category 1, more expensive Category 5: carries signals between 10 & 100 times faster than coaxial cable, easy to install. Fiber-optic cable: most expensive, transmits pulsing beams of light through very thin strands of glass, fastest transmission rate.

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Types of Cable
TWISTED-PAIR

COAXIAL

FIBER-OPTIC

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Connecting Computers XP to a Network Wireless Networks

Becoming more common as costs continue to drop.

Welcome in organizations that occupy old buildings.

Popular with companies whose employees use laptop computers. Used by schools in classrooms, libraries, and study lounges.

Used in homes.
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Wireless Home Network

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Wide Area Networks

WAN: a network of networks or an internet. Internet: a worldwide collection of interconnected networks; owners have voluntarily agreed to share resources and network connections.

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Origins of the Internet

Early 1960s by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD).

Major research project authorized as a part of national security.

Explored ways to connect large mainframe computers and weapons installations distributed all over the world. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) charged with the task

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XP Connectivity: Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

Circuit switching:
centrally controlled single-connection method used by most local telephone traffic today

Vulnerable to destruction of signal control point or any link in the single path that carries the signal.
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XP Connectivity: Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching Packet-switching: files and messages broken down into packets and labeled electronically with codes for their origin and destination. Packets travel from computer to computer along the network until they reach their destination. Routers determine the best way for a packet to move towards its destination.

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XP Connectivity: Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching Routers use routing algorithms programs to determine best path for packets. Packet-switched networks more reliable:
rely on multiple routers instead of central point of control. each router can send individual packets along different paths if parts of the network are not operating.

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Origins of the Internet

DARPA researchers connected first computer switches in 1969. ARPANET grew over next three years to include over 20 computers. Computers communicated to other computers on the network by using Network Control Protocol (NCP). Protocol: collection of rules for formatting, ordering, and error-checking data sent across a network.

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Open Architecture Philosophy

Four Key Points:
Independent networks should not require any internal changes to be connected to the Internet. Packets that do not arrive at their destinations must be retransmitted from their source network. The router computers do not retain information about the packets they handle.

No global control will exist over the network.

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Open Architecture Philosophy

New set of protocols developed in 1970 by Vincent Cerf and Robert Kahn:
Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

TCP: rules used by computers on a network to establish and break connections.

IP: rules for routing of individual data packets.

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Open Architecture Philosophy

TCP/IP used today in LANs and on the Internet.

Term Internet first used in a 1974 article about the TCP protocol written by Cerf and Kahn.
Vincent Cerf considered to be the father of the Internet by many.

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Birth of E-Mail: A New Use for Networks

Ray Tomlinson, an ARPANET researcher, wrote a program that could send and receive messages over the network in 1972. E-mail was born and rapidly became widely used in the computer research community. ARPANET continued to develop faster and more effective network technologies.

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Began sending packets by satellite in 1976.

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More New Uses for Networks Emerge

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - transfer files between computers. Telnet - users log in to their computer accounts from remote sites. Mailing lists (LISTSERV), information posting areas (Usenet), and adventure games among new applications appearing on the ARPANET.

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Interconnecting the Networks

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Commercial Interest Increases

National Science Foundation (NSF) prohibited commercial network traffic on networks it funded. Businesses turned to commercial e-mail services. Larger firms built TCP/IP-based WANs that used leased telephone lines to connect field offices to corporate headquarters. NSF permitted two commercial e-mail services, MCI Mail and CompuServe, to establish limited connections to the Internet in 1989.
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Commercial Interest Increases

Intranet: LANs or WANs that use TCP/IP protocol but do not connect to sites outside the firm. Extranet: an intranet that allows selected outside parties to connect. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): a selforganized group that makes technical contributions to the engineering of the Internet and its technologies. ARPANET grew from 4 computers in 1969 to over 300,000 by 1990.
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Growth of the Internet

Formal definition of Internet was adopted in 1995 by the Federal Networking Council (FNC).

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From Research Project to Information Infrastructure

Growth in number of Internet hosts

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Growth of the Internet

Number of hosts connected to Internet includes only computers directly connected to the Internet. Internet traffic now carries more files that contain graphics, sound, and video, so Internet files have become larger.

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New Structure for the Internet

Organized around four network access points (NAPs), operated by four different telecommunications companies. The four companies and their successors sell access to the Internet through their NAPs to organizations and businesses. The NSFnet still exists for government and research use.

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New Structure for the Internet

More than 180 million connected host computers and more than 700 million worldwide Internet users. TCP/IP numbering system that identifies users on the Internet is running short of numbers.
IP version 4 provides a maximum of about 4 billion addresses. IP version 6 approved in 1997 by the IETF allows existing users to continue accessing the Internet while new system is being implemented.

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New Structure for the Internet

The Internet has become one of the most amazing technological and social accomplishments of the century. Computers linked to this interconnected network are located in almost every country of the world. Billions of dollars change hands every year over the Internet.

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World Wide Web

World Wide Web: a way of thinking about information storage and retrieval. Web: software that runs on some of the computers connected to each other through the Internet. Two important innovations played key roles:
hypertext graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

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Origins of Hypertext
1945: Vannevar Bush speculated engineers would eventually build a machine that would store a personsbooks,records,letters,andresearchresults on microfilm. Mechanical aids would help retrieve. 1960: Ted Nelson described similar system where text on one page links to text on other pages. He called it hypertext. 1960s:DouglasEngelbartcreatedfirstexperimental hypertext system on one of the large computers.
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Hypertext and Graphical UserXP Interfaces Come to the Internet

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): a language that includes a set of codes (or tags) attached to text. Hypertext Server: a computer that stores files written in HTML; other computers connect to it and read files. Hypertext Link (hyperlink): points to another location in the same or another HTML document.

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Hypertext and Graphical UserXP Interfaces Come to the Internet

Web Browser: software that lets users read HTML documents and move from one HTML document to another through hypertext link tags in each file. HTML: a subset of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).

SGML: has been used by organizations for many years to manage large document-filing systems.
GUI (graphical user interface): a way of presenting program output using pictures, icons, and other graphical elements.
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Hypertext and Graphical UserXP Interfaces Come to the Internet

Mosaic: first GUI program to read HTML and use HTML documentshyperlinksto navigate from page to page on computers anywhere on the Internet.

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XP The Web and Commercialization of the Internet Businesses quickly recognized profit-making potential offered by a world-wide network of easy-to-use computers. The Netscape Navigator Web browser was an instant success. Internet Explorer Web browser entered the market soonafterNetscapessuccessbecameapparent.

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Growth of the World Wide Web

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Connection Options
NAPs (network access points) offer connections to large organizations and businesses. Those businesses provide Internet access to other business and individuals as ISPs. Internet service providers (ISPs) provide customers with software to connect to the ISP, browse the Web, send and receive e-mail messages, and perform other Internet-related functions.
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Hierarchy of Internet Service Providers

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Connection Bandwidth
Bandwidth: amount of data that can travel through a communications circuit in one second. Bandwidth depends on the type of connection ISP has to the Internet and the kind of connection you have to the ISP. Available bandwidth for any type network connection between two points is limited to narrowest bandwidth that exists in any part of the network.
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Connection Bandwidth
Bandwidth measured in bits per second (bps).

When you extend your network beyond a local area, the speed of the connection depends on type of connection used. POTS (or plain old telephone service) is one way to connect computers or networks over longer distances.

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Connection Bandwidth
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): higher grade of service offered by some telephone companies. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): first technology developed using a DSL protocol; offers bandwidths up to 256 Kbps.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL): offers transmission speeds ranging from 16 Kbps to 9 Mbps.
T1 or T3 connections: often used by businesses and large organizations; much more expensive than POTS or ISDN connections.
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Connection Bandwidth
Internet 2: operated by group of research universities and the NSF; has backbone bandwidths greater than 10 Gbps. Cable connection: increasingly available in the U.S.; can deliver up to 10 Mbps to an individual user. Satellite connection: appealing to users in remote areas; can download at a bandwidth of approximately 400 Kbps. Fixed-point wireless connections: offered by some companies
technology similar to wireless LANs limited and more expensive.
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Connecting Through Your School or Employer

Many universities and community colleges offer Internet access to their students, faculty members, and other employees. Your employer might offer you a connection to the Internet through the computer you use in your job. Most schools and employers have an acceptable use policy (AUP) that specifies the conditions under which you can use their Internet connections. possibly least expensive option should carefully consider if limitations placed on use of the Internet are greater than the benefits
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Connecting Through an Internet Service Provider

Reliable connectivity at a reasonable price.

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Terms of AUPs usually less restrictive.

Offer modem connections to individuals and higher speed connections to businesses. May also offer DSL connections to individual and business customers. Quality of service may deteriorate significantly over time if ISP adds many new customers without expanding bandwidth.
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Connecting Through a DSL Provider

Connections increasingly available in the U.S. and a few other countries. Significantly faster connection that dial-up service. Speeds and subscription rates similar to cable modems. Sometimes long delays in installation and repair services.

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Connecting Through Your Cable Television Company

Cable modem converts digital signals into radio-frequency analog signals similar to television transmission signals. Signals travel over the same lines that carry cable television signals. Cable connection can provide very fast downloads to your computer from the Internet (up to 170 times faster than a telephone line connection). Greatest disadvantage for most people is that cable connection is not available in all areas.
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Connecting by Satellite
Satellite Internet connections may be only option available in rural areas. Speeds and monthly fees similar to those of cable and DSL providers. Installation fee usually considerably higher because the dish must be installed and aimed at the satellite.

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Summary
The Internet and the Web began in the military and research communities. The Internet and the Web have become an important worldwide infrastructure. The Internet and the Web support many resources through one of the most powerful communication tools the world has ever known. There are a number of options for connecting your computer and the computers of businesses and other organizations to the Internet.
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