PIPELINES IN SERIES and PARALLEL Series

The total headloss is equal to the summation of the individual head losses in different pipes Draw off usually takes place along the length of the service main, decrease in dia with Q Minor losses in bends, valves, gates, contarction/expansion

Parallel
To increase the capacity of the pipe line To facilitate repairs without closing down the complete supply To use smaller diameter pipes by laying them in parallel, if one single large dia pipe is not available Headloss in each pipe will be same Total discharge will be equal to the sum of discharge in each pipe

Flow through Pipes

Darcy- Weiscbachs Formula
S = H/L= fv2/2gd H= headloss due to friction over length, L f = Dimensionless Friction factor g = accleration due to gravity

Note: Dimensionally consistent

Generation of Hydraulic Elements Curve Hazen William Method

Hazen William Formula V = 0.849 C R0.657 S0.55
S slope of the hydraulic gradient C Hazen william coefficient

Modified Hazen- William formula V = 143.53CR R0.657 S0.55

CR Pipe roughness coefficient R hydraulic radius, m S friction slope Continuity Equation Q = AV A area , sq m V velocity , m/sec Q discharge, m3 /sec
3

Hazen William Coefficient

Conduit Material Cast Iron Galvanised iron 50 mm Steel, welded joints Concrete Plastic Pipes New Pipes 130 120 140 140 150 Design Purpose 100 100 110 110* 120*

GI < 50 mm (for House service connection)

12

55

Hazen Williams Formula

The Numerical constant of HW formula (1.318 in fps; 0.85 in MKS) has been calculated for an assumed hydraulic radius of 1 foot and friction slope of 1/1000. however the formula is used for all ranges diameter and friction slope. This practice may result in an error of upto +/- 30%. Hazen william C is considered to be independent of pipe diameter, velocity of flow, viscosity. However to be dimensionally consistent and to be representative of friction conditions it should depend on relative roughness of pipe, reynold no. It has been observed that for higher C values(new and smooth pipes) and larger diameters the error is less whereas it is appreciable for lower C values ( old and rough pipes) Dimesionally Inconsistent C has the dimension of L -0.37 and T-1

Observations
In Mannings formula roughness coefficient n depends on conduit material, Reynold no, size and shape of the conduit and depth of flow n/nf = 1.0+2.75(y/D) 8.55(y/D)2 -10.0 (y/D)3 4.22 (y/D)4

C depends on age and type of pipe material (roughness of pipe) and do not depend on fluid characteristics (as per Civil engineering reference manual)
Actual velocity in the pipe is found to increase with the increase in the value of C

Distribution System

Dead End System Grid Iron System Ring System Radial System

Distribution System

Distribution System
Each locality is divided into square or circular blocks and the water mains are laid around all the four sides of the square Branches , sub-mains are laid along the inner roads Well planned localities Every point receives supply from two directions and best of the other

Distribution System
Water flows outwards towards periphery from one point Entire district will be divided into various zones Reservoir, placed at the centre zone Calculation of pipe sizes is easy