Chapter 13: Police Strategies and Tactics

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The are
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police the

Crime Control Strategies

Preventive Patrol Immediate Response to Calls Follow-up Investigations

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Robert Peels view of the police force was that of a preventive force

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Patrol Function Categories

Crime prevention - pro-active deterrence Law Enforcement - reactive deterrence Order Maintenance - security Social Services - community welfare

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Patrol as a function

Constant Movement Prevent/deter crime Eliminate opportunity for crime

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Patrol Activities and Purposes

Crime Detection and Prevention Apprehension of Criminals & Wanted Suspects Data & Information Collection Report Writing & Documentation Public Assistance Peace Keeping and Order Maintenance Conflict Resolution

Traffic Control and Enforcement Parking Enforcement Law Enforcement Reduce Citizens Fear of Crime Detect and Enforce Code and Safety Violations Rapid Responses to Emergencies Public Relations Police Visibility Property Protection

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Method of Patrol

Techniques of Patrol

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Foot Patrol Motorcycle Patrol Motorized Patrol Bike Patrol Horse Patrol Aircraft Patrol

Routine Patrol Directed Patrol D-Runs Saturation Patrol Split Force

PATROL SUPERVISION

Hands on - supervisor involved in day to day activities Command - supervisor shows up at incident sites and gives orders Counsel - supervisor available and when requested shows up at incident sites 5/5/12

Traffic Enforcement
Activities

Purposes

Issue Traffic Citations Issue Parking Citations Investigate Traffic Accidents Arrest Drunk Drivers Enforce Seatbelt Laws
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Insure Safety of Public Reduce Accidents and Injuries Collect Information Make Criminal Arrests Enforce Laws Facilitate Traffic Flow

Direct Traffic

Purposes of Criminal Investigation

Determine whether or not a crime has been committed. Decide if the crime was committed within the investigators jurisdiction. Discover all facts pertaining to the complaint. Gather and preserve physical evidence. Identify the perpetrator.

Develop and follow up all clues. Locate and apprehend the perpetrator. Aid in the prosecution of the offender by providing evidence of guilt that is admissible in court. Testify effectively as a witness in court. Recover stolen property.

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Specialized Units and Operations

Special Weapons & Tactics Vice & Drugs K-9 Organized Crime Community

Domestic Violence Sex Crimes Internal Affairs Crime Prevention Juvenile & School Service

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Preventive Patrol

Patrol is considered the backbone of police work. Billions of dollars are spent each year in the United States to maintain and operate uniformed and often superbly equipped patrol forces.

The assumption underlying such deployment has been that the presence or potential presence of officers patrolling the streets in marked police cars deters people from committing 5/5/12

THE KANSAS CITY PREVENTIVE PATROL EXPERIMENT

This landmark experiment found that traditional routine patrol in marked police cars does not appear to affect the level of crime. Nor does it affect the publics feeling of security.

The experiment demonstrated that urban police departments can 5/5/12 successfully test patrol deployment

The Kansas City experiment asked the following questions:

Would citizens notice changes in the level of police patrol? Would different levels of visible police patrol affect recorded crime or the outcome of victim surveys? Would citizen fear of crime and attendant behavior change as a result of differing patrol levels?

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Findings:

Citizens did not notice the difference when the level of patrol was changed.

What is more, increasing or decreasing the level of police patrol had no significant effect on resident and commercial burglaries, auto thefts, larcenies involving auto accessories, robberies, or vandalismcrimes traditionally considered to be prevented by random, highly visible police patrol. 5/5/12

Immediate Response to Calls Follow up Investigations

Typically 10 20% of a departments personnel are investigators

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Refinements

Patrol Refinements

Directed Patrol Field Interrogation

Rapid Response Refinements

Differential Responses to calls for service

Investigative Refinements

Solvability factors Repeat Offender Approach

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Community Oriented Policing

Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.

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Community Oriented Policing is comprised of three key components:

Community Partnerships Collaborative partnerships between the law enforcement agency and the individuals and organizations they serve to develop solutions to problems and increase trust in police.

Other Government Agencies Community Members/Groups

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Organizational Transformation The alignment of organizational management, structure, personnel, and information systems to support community partnerships and proactive problem solving. Agency Management Climate and culture

Leadership

Labor relations Strategic

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Problem Solving

The process of engaging in the proactive and systematic examination of identified problems to develop and rigorously evaluate effective responses.

Scanning: Identifying and prioritizing problems Analysis: Researching what is known about the problem Response: Developing solutions to bring about lastingreductions in the number and

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Problem Oriented Policing is the primary strategy of Community Oriented Policing. The community and police work together analyzing community problems and developing customized responses to them.

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Problem Oriented Policing

In the late 1970s, researchers, police professionals, and policymakers became interested in improving the effectiveness of policing.

Research during this period pointed out the limitations of random patrol, rapid response, and follow-up criminal investigationspractices that had been the foundation of policing for many years. 5/5/12

Problem Oriented Policing

Police deal with a range of community problems, many of which are not strictly criminal in nature. Arrest and prosecution alonethe traditional functions of the criminal justice systemdo not always effectively resolve problems.

Giving the officers, who have great insight into community problems, the 5/5/12 discretion to design solutions is

Community Involvement:

Public Relations

The Public Relations Office serves as the primary contact for local, state, and national media through its response to incidents and dissemination of news releases about Department programs and activities.

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Community Involvement:

Crime Prevention

Crime Prevention is the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk, and the initiation of action to remove or reduce it. Crime Prevention is an active approach utilizing public awareness and preventive measures to reduce crime. Crime Prevention reflects a philosophy of selfdefense where the police and the community take action before crimes are committed.

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Communications Channels

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Communications Channels

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Communications Channels

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