Generator Control System

Seminar
Hungary 2007






Generator Excitation System
Design Consideration

Christophe Del Popolo
Budapest, Hungary
2007
LIST OF TOPICS
A) Type of generators
B) What kind of data are needed ?
C) Type of power supplies
D) Sensing circuits : PTs and CTs
LIST OF TOPICS
F) Accessories
G) New technologies (introduction) *
H) Examples and how to read a single line diagram
E) Control voltage
* Digital technologies / digital products
Identify generator type:
- Slip ring
- Brush type
- Brushless type
A) TYPE OF GENERATORS
SLIP RING GENERATOR
F+
F-
GENERATOR
STATOR
SLIP RINGS / BRUSHES
REVOLVING FIELD
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM
(or Static Excitation)
AVR
ROTARY EXCITER,
BRUSH-TYPE GENERATOR
F+
F-
AVR
FIELD
(STATOR)
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
ARM
SLIP RINGS
BRUSHES
GENERATOR
STATOR
Brushless Rotary Exciter
F+
F-
AVR FIELD
STATIONARY
ROTATING
STATIONARY
ROTARY
EXCITER
GENERATOR
Generator data :
- APPARENT POWER (in kVA)
- GENERATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE (in Volts / V)
- GENERATOR FREQUENCY (in Hertz / Hz)
- POWER FACTOR (nominal = 0.8 or 0.9 in general)
B) WHAT KIND OF DATA ARE NEEDED ?
Different relation ships between generator powers :
1) S = U x I x 3 (apparent power in VA)
2) P = U x I x 3 x cos phi (active power in W)
3) Q = U x I x 3 x sin phi (reactive power in Vars)
4) S = (P + Q)
5) cos phi = P / S
6) tan phi = Q / P
B) WHAT KIND OF DATA ARE NEEDED ?
Excitation data :
1) At no load (voltage and current)
2) At full load
3) At full load +10% (or +20%)
4) In ceiling condition
5) In short-circuit condition
B) WHAT KIND OF DATA ARE NEEDED ?
B) WHAT KIND OF DATA ARE NEEDED ?
Other values and remarks :
1) Time constant Tdo (to determine the discharge components)
2) Exciter resistance (cold and hot) : difference of 10 or 15%
1) Shunt
C) TYPE OF POWER SUPPLY



2) Auxiliary windings
3) PMG (Permanent Magnet Generator)
4) Separate source
Power Input from Generator Line
(shunt mode)
GEN
FIELD
OUTPUT
POWER
INPUT
SENSING
INPUT
VOLTAGE
ADJUST
F+
3
E1
F-
4
E3 7
CW
USE POWER TRANSFORMER IF REQUIRED
POWER CIRCUIT
SENSING CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A
B
C
N
6
BOOST CIRCUIT NEEDED.
Power Input from Auxiliary windings
GEN
FIELD
OUTPUT
POWER
INPUT
SENSING
INPUT
VOLTAGE
ADJUST
F+
3
E1
F-
4
E3 7
CW
USE POWER TRANSFORMER IF REQUIRED
POWER CIRCUIT
SENSING CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A
B
C
6
BOOST CIRCUIT NOT NEEDED.
Power Input from a PMG
GEN
FIELD
OUTPUT
POWER
INPUT
SENSING
INPUT
VOLTAGE
ADJUST
F+
3
E1
F-
4
E3 7
CW
POWER CIRCUIT
SENSING CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A
B
C
N
6
PMG
BOOST CIRCUIT NOT NEEDED.
Power Input from a PMG
Example of one PMG curve
Current
P
M
G

o
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
i
n

V
a
c
)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
I 0/4 I ceiling I 4/4
(at nominal speed)
Power Input from a PMG
a)Voltage at no load (maximum voltage) :
b)Voltage at ceiling (minimum voltage) :
& maximum apparent power (in VA) :
c) Rated power in nominal condition (in VA) :
d) Frequency :
e) Three phase :
f) Single phase :
Yes / No
Yes / No
Power Input from a separate source
GEN
FIELD
OUTPUT
POWER
INPUT
SENSING
INPUT
VOLTAGE
ADJUST
F+
3
E1
F-
4
E3 7
CW
USE POWER TRANSFORMER IF REQUIRED
POWER CIRCUIT
SENSING CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A
B
C
N
6
SPEED
CONTACTS
BOOST CIRCUIT NOT NEEDED.
D) SENSING CIRCUITS (PTs and CTs)
- To match the AVR characteristics :
1) Sensing voltage transformers :
Identify the type
Identify how many transformers
Identify general characteristics (voltages, frequency, burden, accuracy,)
- In addition :
D) SENSING CIRCUITS (PTs and CTs)
Examples of PTs connections :
D) SENSING CIRCUITS (PTs and CTs)
- To match the AVR characteristics :
2) Sensing current transformer :
Identify the type (ring, wound)
Identify general characteristics (voltages, frequency, burden, accuracy,)
CT on phase B ?
- In addition :
D) SENSING CIRCUITS (PTs and CTs)
3) Phase sequence :
E1 E2 E3 CT
U V W V
V W U W
W U V U
+1
+1
E) CONTROL VOLTAGE
- For contactors, relays, AVR, transducers, PLC, lamp
1) Can be AC or DC :
- For the field flashing system (if needed) -> size of the battery to be checked
- For AC purpose : - For DC purpose :
Fuse Fuse
Rectifier
bridge
Fuse Resistor
Blocking
diode
F) ACCESSORIES
- Choice has to be made according to :
1) Meters :
Generator data (kVA, V, Hz, cos phi)
Excitation data (Vdc, Idc)
Customer requirements
F) ACCESSORIES
- Choice has to be made according to :
2) Transducers :
Generator data (kVA, V, Hz, cos phi).
Excitation data (Vdc, Idc)
Customer requirements
F) ACCESSORIES
1) PLC (programmable logic controller) :

- Communication with other devices (RS485, Profibus, ) *
- Communication with internal devices (via RS485, analog output, ) *
- Communication : with HMI (Human Machine Interface) *
G) NEW TECHNOLOGIES
* Digital technologies / digital products
MASTER Modbus
communications
Protection
A.V.R.
(Transducers)
PLC
Excitation system+protections
Generator Control Panel (GCP) Turbine Control Panel (TCP)
Control Room
Modbus
PLC
Modbus
- Communication with other devices (RS485,
Profibus, )
Speed Governor
Protection
(Transducers)
MASTER Modbus
communications
Setpoint Control *
Metering
Status **
PLC
Example : A.V.R. :
Generator Control Panel (GCP)
Control Room
Modbus
- Communication with internal devices (via RS485,
analog output, )
* Raise / Lower : Gen. Voltage
: Power Factor/Vars
** Excitation limiting
** Active mode (Auto, Manu, )
- Communication : with HMI (Human Machine
Interface)
H) INTERESTING INFORMATION ON A SINGLE
LINE DIAGRAM
2) Example :
eV` `e .
l:
+
e
V
l+
- Sensing circuit (current) :
* Frequency = 50Hz
* (Voltage = 660V)
* In / 5A
* b phase
H) INTERESTING INFORMATION ON A
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

- Power circuit :
* Frequency = 50Hz
* primary voltage = 660V
* Three phase
* Single phase
- Sensing circuit (voltage) :
* Frequency = 50Hz
* primary voltage = 660V
* Single phase
* Rotating diodes (low excitation data)
- Generator data :
* primary voltage = 660V
* Generator frequency = 50Hz
- Field flashing circuit :
* DC source
* Resistor
H) INTERESTING INFORMATION ON A
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
* 2 CTs (open-delta)
- Boost circuit :
* (Voltage = 660V)
* Over excitation (76 function)
- Protective relays :
* Over voltage (59 function)
* Under voltage (27 function)
* On AC power circuit (boost+PT)
- Earth connections :
* On DC power circuit
!
- Locate the generator
1) Conclusion :
- Locate the sensing circuits
- Locate the power circuits (which type of power supply ? Boost circuit ?)


- Locate the accessories (specific transducers, meters, )
- Is there any mechanical drawing (that could give an idea about the sizes
of the components, )
H) INTERESTING INFORMATION ON A
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
In order to check the interface between our equipment and your system,
please fill in the following data sheet:
Customer :
Cotation/order number :
Project name :
I) Generator data :
Power (in kVA) :
Voltage (in V) :
Frequency (in Hz) :
Power f actor :
2) Type of system :
Mounting plate
Cubicle
Small cabinet
3) Excitation current & voltage :
Current Voltage
At no load:
At f ull load:
In short circuit conditions
(if used)
4) Forcing condition :
Typically 1.6x excitation voltage at f ull load :
5) Type of the input power :
A. PMG
a)Voltage at no load (maximum voltage) :
b)Voltage at ceiling (minimum voltage) :
& maximum apparent power (in VA) :
c) Rated power in nominal condition (in VA) :
d) Frequency :
e) Three phase :
f ) Single phase :
B. POWER TRANSFORMEUR (VOLTAGE)
a) Voltage on primary side :
b) voltage on the secondary side :
c) f requency 50Hz:
60Hz:
d) Rated power in nominal condition (in VA) :
e) Three phase :
f ) Single phase :
C. AUXILIARY WINDINGS
a) Voltages
b) f requency 50Hz:
60Hz:
c) Rated power in nominal condition (in VA) :
d) Three phase :
e) Single phase :
f )
D. EXTERNAL SOURCE
a) Nominal voltage type (DC or AC)
b) Rated power in nominal condition
6) CT & PT ratio for the sensing circuit :
A. PT RATIO
a) Primary voltage :
b) Secondary voltage :
c) Apparent power (25VA min)
d) Three phase :
e) Single phase :
f ) 2 single phase xf mr
connected in delta
B. CT RATIO
a) Primary current :
b) secondary current (1 or 5A)
1A :
5A :
c) Burden (in VA) :
d) Connected the B-phase :
7) Control voltage for the contactors, relays, transducers
a) 24Vdc (recommended) :
b) 110Vdc :
c) 125Vdc :
d) Other :
8) Control voltage for the build-up (if used) :
a) 24,110 or 125Vdc :
b) AC source :
c) Other :
9) Certifications :
a) CE requirements :
b) UL requirements :
c) Marine requirements (RINA,..) :
d) Other :
10) Size of the equipment :
a) Maximum dimensions of the mounting plate (mm)
Height :
Width :
Thickness :
b) Maximum dimensions of the cubicle (mm)
Height :
Width :
Depth :
c) Maximum dimensions of the small cabinet (mm)
Height :
Width :
Depth :
11) Other specifications :
a) Is there any :
Vars transducer :
Watts transducer :
Power f actor transducer :
CT Ratio :
PT Ratio :
Balanced load :
Other :
b) Other request :
QUESTIONS