LEARNING

LEARNING:
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that

occurs as a result of experience. THEORETICAL NOT OBSERVABLE

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF LEARNING: Learning involves change. The change must be relatively permanent. Takes place when there is change in action.

Different Theories Put Forth To Explain The

Learning Process:
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
OPERANT CONDITIONING.

SOCIAL LEARNING.
COGNITIVE THEORY OF LEARNING

1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Meat Powder ( Unconditioned stimulus )
Rang the bell ( Neutral stimulus )

Great deal of salivation ( Unconditioned response )

No Salivation

 Process on which a formerly neutral stimulus,

when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.

S R Connection in learned
Neutral stimulus Conditioned stimulus Unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response

2. OPERANT CONDITIONING:
B.F.Skinner

Behavior is a function of its consequence.

Behavior is likely to be repeated if the consequences are favorable & vice versa.
BOSS

Assurers

SOS of pay hike of he works over time

Illustrations of Operant conditioning can be seen

every where.

Major Differences:
CLASSICAL OPERANT

Responses are
reactive.

Proactive.

Responses are fixed

Variable in types &

to stimulus (No choice) degrees (choice)

3. COGNITIVE CONDITIONING:
EDWARD TOLMAN

Refers to an individuals thoughts, knowledge, interpretations or ideas about himself/herself & his/her environment. Role of Human Being Receiving Memorizing Retrieving Interpreting Reacting.

4. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY:

Stresses upon the ability of an individual to learn by

observing models.
Models includes parents, teachers, peers, TV, superiors.

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. LAW OF EFFECT:
Of several responses made to the same situation, those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction [Reinforcement].will be more to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort [Punishment].will be less likely to occur.

2. REINFORCEMENT: Anything that both increases the strength of

response & tends to induce repetitions of the behavior

that preceded the reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement : Strengthens & increases behavior by the presentation of a desirable consequence. Avoidance (NF) : Strengthens & increases behavior by the termination of withdrawal of an undesirable

consequence.

3. PUNISHMENT:
It is anything that weakens behavior & tends to decrease its subsequent frequency.

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