General concept of Frequency hopping

Background
During a call, a number of physical effects influence the perceived radio environment between a mobile station and a base station. One such effect is multipath fading, which means that transmitted signals reach the receiver via multiple paths. Depending on the difference in path length. Another effect is various types of interference. The dominating type is normally co-channel interference, but other types, such as adjacent channel interference, intermodulation products, military sources etc. must be considered as well.
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Multipath fading
The destructive interference produced by multipath fading is called fading-dips. Fading dips may cause speech quality degradation. For different frequencies, the fading dips will occur at slightly different positions in space.

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Co-channel interference
The interference situation for a mobile is strongly dependent on which frequency and time-slot that the mobile happens to use. Normally co-channel interference is caused by frequency reuse

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What can be achived

Frequency diversity Interference averaging

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Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping can reduce the influence of signal strength variations caused by multipath fading. Multipath fading is frequency dependent. This implies that the fading dips appear at different locations for different frequencies.
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Interference averaging
Frequency hopping can also break up persistent interference into periodic occasions of single burst interference. Changing frequency at each burst offers a way to improve the interference situation described above. The cochannel interference will change at every burst. The more frequencies that are used in the hopping, the more rare such frequency collisions will be.

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Short technical description

Baseband frequency hopping Synthesizer frequency hopping

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Baseband frequency hopping

At

baseband hopping each transmitter operates on a fixed frequency. The advantage with this mode is that narrow-band tuneable filter combiners can be used. The disadvantage is that it is not possible to use a larger number of frequencies than there are transmitters.

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Baseband frequency hopping

Controller TRX1 Controller TRX2 Controller TRX3 Controller TRX4 X X X X Transmitter f1 Transmitter f2 Transmitter f3 Transmitter f4 Combiner

Bus for routing of burst

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Synthesizer frequency hopping

The transmitter tunes to correct frequency at transmission of each burst. The advantage is that the number of frequencies that can be used for hopping is not dependent on the number of transmitters . The disadvantage is that wide-band hybrid combiners have to be used .

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Synthesizer frequency hopping

Controller TRX1 Controller TRX2 Controller TRX3 Controller TRX4 Transmitter f1,f2,,fn Transmitter f1,f2,,fn Transmitter f1,f2,,fn Transmitter f1,f2,,fn

Hybrid Combiner

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Algorithm
Hopping sequence Cyclic hopping Random hopping
Interference avoid Orthogonal hopping Independence hopping
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Cyclic hopping

In cyclic hopping the frequencies are used in a consecutive order. For instance,the sequence of frequencies for cyclic hopping between four frequencies may appear as follows:
... , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , ...

A cyclic sequence is specified by setting the parameter HSN (hopping sequence number) to zero.
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Random hopping

A random hopping sequence is actually implemented as a pseudo-random sequence. 63 independent sequences are defined. When random hopping is used, the frequencies will be used (pseudo-) randomly, and a hopping sequence for four frequencies may appear as follows: ... , f 1 , f 4 , f 4 , f 3 , f 1 , f 2 , f 4 , f 1 , f 3 , f 3 , f 2 , ...

The period for a random sequence is 6 minutes.

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Orthogonal sequences

In the baseband hopping, four channels utilize the same time slot. They will be given the different HSN. In order not to interfere with each other, they may not use the same frequency simultaneously. A frequency offset is automatically assigned to each channel at configuration. Each traffic channel uses the same sequence, but with different frequencies at each instance in time.
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Orthogonal sequences with Baseband hopping

The random sequence of baseband hopping will appear as follows for four frequencies:

... , f 1 , f 4 , f 4 , f 3 , f 1 , f 2 , ...

Controller TRX1 Controller TRX2 Controller TRX3 Controller TRX4

X
... , f 2 , f 1 , f 1 , f 4 , f 2 , f 3, ...

Transmitter f1 Transmitter f2 Transmitter f3 Transmitter f4 Combiner

X
... , f 3 , f 2 , f 2 , f 1 , f 3 , f 4 , ...

X
... , f 4 , f 3 , f 3 , f 2 , f 4 , f 1, ...

Bus for routing of burst

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Orthogonal sequences with SFH

1.

2.

Control orthogonal sequence by MAIO and HSN MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset) Define the first frequency of sequence for the first burst. HSN (Hopping Sequence Number) Define the sequence of frequency for the next burst. HSN = 0 : Cyclic hopping HSN = 1-63 : Pseudo-random hopping

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Orthogonal sequences with SFH

The random sequence of synthesizer hopping will appear as follows for eight frequencies: (HSN = 0)
Index : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Controller TRX1

Transmitter f1, f2, .., f8

f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8

f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8

(MAIO = 0)

Controller TRX2
Controller TRX3 Controller TRX4

Transmitter f1, f2, .., f8

Transmitter f1, f2, .., f8 Transmitter f1, f2, .., f8

(MAIO = 2)

(MAIO = 4)

Combiner

(MAIO = 6)

fn : frequency of the first burst fn : frequency of the second burst

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Independence sequences

For the interference averaging mechanism to work well, the sequence of frequencies in co-channel cells must be different. Connections in these cells will then use the same frequencies, but not always at the same time. The number of collisions per second will depend on the number of frequencies in the channel group.

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Independence sequences

The frequency collisions, i.e. the instances of co-channel disturbance, are indicated with bold type:
Cell 1: ... , f 1 , f 4 , f 4 , f 3 , f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 1 , f 3 , f 4 , f 2 , ... Cell 2: ... , f 3 , f 1 , f 1 , f 1 , f 4 , f 3 , f 2 , f 1 , f 2 , f 1 , f 4 , ... Cell 3: ... , f 3 , f 4 , f 3 , f 3 , f 2 , f 1 , f 4 , f 1 , f 3 , f 2 , f 1 , ...

Since there is only one cyclic sequence, cyclic sequences can be orthogonal (if they have different MAIO), but never independent.
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Implementation with SFH

Constrain Separate frequency band for BCCH Re-use pattern MAIO HSN Fraction load
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Constrain

HW & SW constrain Coverage overlapping constrain Frequency constrain

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HW & SW Constrain

HW required for SFH

TPU2, HPA, MPA, HYCOM, DUCOM, DUAMCO

SW required for SFH

BR3.7 and higher Release Version S2 and higher BR5.0 and higher

BS-20/21 and BS 60/61 BS 11

BS240

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Coverage overlapping constrain

Due to SFH with 1x1 or 1x3 are tight re-use patterns then coverage control is major constrain. Homogeneous network is recommended.

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Frequency constrain

Performance of SFH depends on one factor which called Fractional load Maximum fractional load is 50% means number of frequency required is at least 2 time number of TCH Trxs used.

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Separate frequency band for BCCH

BCCH cannot cope with high interference as TCH due to : BCCH is not hop with SFH. Power control and DTX are not support on BCCH.

Siemens recommends number of frequencies for BCCH band is 20 frequencies.

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Re-use pattern for SFH

1. 2.

Standard re-use pattern Re-use 1x1 Re-use 1x3

Other re-use pattern Re-use 2x2 (or re-use 2x1) Multi re-use pattern for SFH
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1.
2.

Re-use 1x1

Define every frequencies to every BTS. Avoid co-channel by MAIO and HSN Consider all frequencies assigned as frequency group A reuse pattern will be as follow:
GroupA GroupA

GroupA

GroupA GroupA

GroupA

GroupA

GroupA

GroupA
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Re-use 1x3

Separate all frequencies into 3 groups. Define 3 frequency groups to every sites. Avoid co-channel by MAIO and HSN Consider all frequencies assigned as frequency group A,B and C re-use pattern will be as follow:
GroupA GroupA

GroupB

GroupC GroupA

GroupB

GroupC

GroupB

GroupC
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Mobile allocation index offset

Define the first frequency of group for the first burst.

0
f1

Index
Frequency group

1
f2

2
f3

3
f4

4
f5

..

N-1
fn

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Example of MAIO setting

The random sequence of synthesizer hopping will appear as follows for eight frequencies: (HSN = 0)
Index : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Controller TRX1

Transmitter f1, f2, .., f8

f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8

f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8

(MAIO = 0)

Controller TRX2
Controller TRX3 Controller TRX4

Transmitter f1, f2, .., f8

Transmitter f1, f2, .., f8 Transmitter f1, f2, .., f8

(MAIO = 2)

(MAIO = 4)

Combiner

(MAIO = 6)

fn : frequency of the first burst fn : frequency of the second burst

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Fraction load

Ratio to determine how tight of frequency re-use for SFH. Define by :

Number of frequencies used at a time (per re-use cluster) * 100 Number of frequencies per group

Siemens recommends fraction load = 35-40% GSM defines maximum fraction load = 50%

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Example of fraction load calculation

1x3 Number of frequencies : 46 Number of frequencies for BCCH and GB : 16 Number of TCH frequencies per group : 10 Site configuration : 6+6+6 (Tch : 5+5+5) Fractional load = 5/10 = 50%

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Example of fraction load calculation

1x1 Number of frequencies : 46 Number of frequencies for BCCH and GB : 16 Number of TCH frequencies per group : 30 Site configuration : 6+6+6 (Tch : 5+5+5) Fractional load = 15/30 = 50%

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