Sociology with Anthropology

Subject Code: SSCN01G No. of Units: 3 Course Description: A study of society and culture with emphasis on the patterns and processes of human relations, mans development and role in the changes that occur in the society, and social issues involving population growth, environment degradation, rural and urban poverty.

Learning Objectives:
Cognitive make the students understand

how society works and how such is affected by individual and human behavior. Affective Encourage students to inculcate in their minds and hearts the value of good membership within a specific large scale community. Psychomotor make the students apply in reality the various elements and values in the study of society and human development.

SCIENCE
Is the study of various phenomena

and things in the world. It is a body of systematized knowledge that shows the operation of general laws. Main Goal: to describe particular things or events in detail and to set up hypotheses and test them.

Classifications of Science
Natural Sciences study phenomena and

processes as well as objects in nature, and provide systematic information about the nonhuman and physical aspects of the natural world. ** Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology Social Sciences involved in the study of society, social relations, and human behavior. ** Economics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and History

Introduction to Sociology
Sociology is the systematic study of

social groups.

behavior and human

- the systematic study of human society. - Latin socius - companion Focus: - the influence of social relationships on peoples attitudes and behavior.

Introduction to Sociology
Sociological perspective - stresses the

powerful role of social groups and social forces in shaping social behavior Sociology focuses on: all kinds of social interactions ( social acts, social relationships, and social organizations, & social processes)
Main focus is the group and not the

individuals.

Introduction to Sociology
Sociology

is concerned with the recurrent and repetitive forms of behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, norms, and social institutions which make up the social order. Sociologists seek not only the description but also the explanation of social behavior. Sociologists are interested in interactions between people, the way in

Sociology as a Science
uses methods and technique of

inquiry and investigation A belief that pattern exists in the world Patterns help scholars arrange and organize what they know about the natural world

Sociological Imagination
Charles Wright Mills (1959) coined the term Sociological Imagination. - It is used to underscore the relationship between what is happening in peoples personal lives and the social forces that surround them.

Sociological Imagination
is a quality of mind, a capacity to

understand the interplay of man and society, of biography and history, of self and the world. It is a mindset that enables the individuals to examine their own experience by locating themselves in the period in which they live and by studying the events in the society.

Sociological Imagination
In

this way they can better understand the relationship between their life and what is happening in the society, thus gaining a wider potential freedom from social pressures.

Emergence of Sociology and Anthropology

15th 19th Century (Period of discoveries and

explorations) - the beginning of anthropology - accounted from Western explorers, missionaries, soldiers, and colonial officials Early 19th Century flint tools and artifacts were discovered in Europe Edward Tylor the first professor of anthropology in Oxford, England Franz Broas the first professor of anthropology in the United States.

Emergence of Sociology and Anthropology ethnographers approached the study of local culture. 18th 19th Century development of sociology began in France, pioneered by Henri de Saint-Simon and Aguste Comte
1980

Emergence of Sociology and Anthropology

20th century modern anthropology

started pioneered by Edward Tylor, Lewis Morgan, and Herbert Spencer Structural functionalism was used by Franz Broas and Alfred Kroeber. Other anthropologists followed: - Bronislaw Malinowski and A.R. Radcliffe Brown - Ralph Linton, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Mead.

The Development of Sociology

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

- he believed that a theoretical science of society and systematic investigation of behavior were needed to improve society. - he coined the term sociology - he considered sociology as the queen and its practitioners scientistspriests

The Development of Sociology

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

- offered insightful observations of the customs and social practices of native Britain and United States. - wrote a book Society in America - conducted a research on the nature of female employment.

The Development of Sociology

Herbert

Spencer

(1820-1903) applied the concept of evolution of the species to the societies in order to explain how they change over time. - adapted Darwins

The Development of Sociology

Emile

Durkheim

(1858-

1917) - first professor of sociology in France - insisted that behavior must be understood within a larger context, not just in individualistic terms. interested on anomie (the loss of direction that a society feels when social control of individual behavior has

The Development of Sociology

Max Weber (1864)

- taught his students about verstehen - German word for understanding or insight - pointed out that to fully comprehend behavior, we must learn the subjective meanings people attach to their actions how they view and explain their behavior - credited for a key conceptual tool, the ideal type Ideal Type is a construct, a madeup model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. - it was used to study family,

The Development of Sociology

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

- with Friedrich Engels, attended secret meetings in London of an illegal coalition of labor unions, known as the Communist League. - they prepared a platform called Communist Manifesto (an argue that the masses of people who have no resources other than labor or proletariat should unite to fight for the overthrow of capitalist societies.) - examined the industrial societies, he saw that the factory is the center of conflict

Modern Developments of Sociology

Charles Horton Cooley (1864-

1929) - preferred to use the sociological perspective to look first at smaller units families, gangs, friendship networks - increased our understanding of groups relatively small size

Modern Developments of Sociology

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

- member of American Sociological Society - with other female sociologists, they combined intellectual inquiry , social service work, & political activism to assist the underprivileged society.

Modern Developments of Sociology

Robert Merton (1968)

- combined theory and research - noted different ways in which people attempt to achieve success in life - emphasized that sociology should strive to bring together the macro-level and the micro-level approaches to the study of society. Macrosociology concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations. Microsociology stresses the study of small groups & often uses experimental study in

Areas of Sociology
Social Organization institution, social groups,

social stratification, social mobility, family, education, politics, religion Social Psychology human nature as an outcome of group life, social attitudes, collective behavior, and personality formation Social change and social disorganization changes in culture and social relations and disruption occur in the society Human ecology nature and behavior of given population and its relationships to the groups of present social institution.

Areas of Sociology
Population or demography population number,

composition, change, and quality as they influence the economic, political and social system. Sociological theory and method applicability and usefulness of the principles and theories of group life as bases for the regulation of mans social environment Applied Sociology - pure sociological research in various fields such as marriage, social work, development, family counselling and other aspects and problems of daily life

Introduction to Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of the

human species and its immediate ancestors Focus: the feature that is unique to humans the cultural behavior.

Introduction to Anthropology
the

study of humanity and its society It is a scientific study of humanity, the similarities and diversity of cultures, and it attempts to present an integrated picture of humankind.

Anthropolo gy
Biological Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology

Archaeology

Genetics & Evolution Fossil records

Prehistoric Archaeology Historic Archaeology Cultural Resource Management

Culture as species trait Variation in cultural systems Processes of cultural change

Descriptive linguistic Language evolution Ethno semantics

Biodiversity
Primatology

Biological Anthropology
The

study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology.

Archaeological Anthropology
The study of human behavior

and cultural patterns and processes through the cultures material remains.

Cultural Anthropology
The study of human society

and culture; describes, analyzes, interprets, explains social and cultural similarities and differences.

Linguistic Anthropology
The descriptive, comparative,

and historical study of language and of linguistic similarities and differences in time, space, & society.

Applied Anthropology
Focuses on the application

of the ideas and information gathered for the solution of specific problems in order to achieve practical ends.

Unifying Themes Linked with Anthropology

Universalism
All people are fully and equally

human, whether they belong to indigenous groups or an urbanized area.

Unifying Themes Linked with Anthropology

Integration
Anthropologists view societies within

the context of the larger world or global perspective so that the influence of the global markets on small island societies, as well as the strategic concerns of foreign powers, is also studied.

Unifying Themes Linked with Anthropology

Adaptation Anthropologists

study how humans are affected by their surroundings or environment and what adjustments they make.

Unifying Themes Linked with Anthropology

Holism
It

means getting the whole picture of a phenomenon and the application of knowledge from different fields in order to understand an aspect of behavior.

Relationships between Sociology and Anthropology

Both are recent as far as the social

science is concerned Both attempts to understand the way of life of various cultures or societies Both are interested in the study of social issues Both synthesize and generalize data about human behavior and

Methods of inquiry in the two Sciences

Empirical investigation knowledge

obtained through direct experience or observation (supported or contradicted) Objectivity ability of the researcher to give an account of things as they are and not what they ought to be -data must be presented,

Methods of inquiry in the two Sciences

Ethnical neutrality one must

remain neutral in the interpretation of findings without being influence by his value judgment or convictions Sociological imagination

Thats all...
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