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Infectious Disease

BY- KRISHNA CHANDRA JAGRIT

Infectious Disease

Invasion of body by organism


Virus
must invade host cell to reproduce can not survive outside host cell

Bacteria
self-reproducing without host cell endotoxins and exotoxins often most harmful

Fungi
Protective capsules surround the cell wall and protect from phagocytes

Protozoa

Infectious Disease

Infectious diseases affect entire populations of humans Consider


needs of patient potential consequence on public health consequences of person-to-person contacts with family members, friends

Communicable Disease
Infectious disease transmissible from one person to another

Communicable Disease

Agent Reservoir
Living or non-living place where agent resides May not produce symptoms

Portal of exit
Route for agent to leave one host to infect another host

Communicable Disease

Route of Transmission
Direct Indirect Airborne (droplets) Vectors Vehicles

Communicable Disease

Portal of entry
mechanism of entry into new host exposure does not always equal infection

Host susceptibility
Age, gender General health, immune status Cultural behaviors Sexual behaviors

Communicable Disease

Manifestation of clinical disease dependent upon:


Degree of pathogenicity Dose of infectious agent Resistance of host Correct mode of entry

All must exist to create risk Exposure does not mean person will become infected

Communicable Disease

Latent Period
period after infection of a host when infectious agent cannot be transmitted to another host clinical symptoms may be manifested

Communicable Period
period after an infection when agent can be transmitted to another host clinical symptoms may be manifested

Incubation Period
time between exposure and first appearance of Sx

Communicable Disease

Disease Period
time between first appearance of Sx and resolution of Sx resolution does not mean agent is destroyed

Window Phase
period after infection in which antigen is present but no antibodies are detected

Defense Mechanisms
Skin Respiratory system Normal flora GI/GU systems Inflammatory Response Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Nonspecific effector cells Reticuloendothelial System Complement system

Anti-Infectives

Bacteriocidals: penicillins, cephalosporins, Vancomycin, Bacitracin Bacteriostatics: sulfonamides (Septra, Bactrim), Gentamycin, erythromycin, Biaxin, Zithromax, Tetracycline Anti TB: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol Antiviral: acyclovir, Zidovudine (AZT), Amantidine Antifungal: nystatin, fluconazole, clotrimazole Antiparasitic: Flagyl, Kwell, Quinine

Antipyretics

Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Acetylsalcyclic acid (Aspirin) Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) Indomethacin (Indocin) Naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn) Ketorolac (Toradol) Sulindac (Clinoril)

Hepatitis

Inflammation of liver Produced by:


Infection Toxins Drugs Hypersensitivity Immune mechanisms

Viral Hepatitis

Types
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E

Hepatitis A

Transmission
Hepatitis A virus Fecal oral contact Water, food-borne outbreaks Blood borne (rare)

Severity
mild severity, rarely serious usually lasting 2-6 weeks

Hepatitis A

High risk populations


Household/sexual contacts of infected persons International travelers Day care center employees and children Homosexually active males Eating food prepared by others
can survive on unwashed hands for up to 4 hours

Hepatitis A

Incubation: 25-40 days 125,000 to 200,000 cases/yr (U.S.) 84,000 to 134,000 symptomatic cases/yr (U.S.) 100 deaths/yr (U.S.) Does not cause chronic liver disease or known carrier state 33% of Americans have evidence of past infection

Hepatitis A

Signs and Symptoms


Abrupt onset with
fever weakness anorexia abdominal discomfort nausea darkened urine possible jaundice

Hepatitis A

Treatment
Support & Preventive care
fluids and treatment of dehydration infection control procedures handwashing critically important Hepatitis A vaccine now available Prophylactic Ig may be administered w/I 2 weeks of exposure Prophylaxis if traveling to less developed countries

Hepatitis B

Transmission
Hepatitis B virus Blood borne
blood, saliva (tattooing, acupuncture, razors, toothbrushes)

Sexual
semen, vaginal fluids

Perinatal

Hepatitis B

High risk populations


Hemophiliacs Dialysis patients IV drug abusers Health care personnel Homosexually active males Heterosexuals with multiple partners Infants of infected mothers

Can survive as dried, visible blood for > 7 days

Hepatitis B

Incubation: 42-160 days 140,000 to 320,000 infections/yr (U.S)


70,000 to 160,000 symptomatic cases/yr (U.S.) 140 to 320 deaths/yr (U.S.) 6 to 10% develop chronic hepatitis

5,000 to 6,000 deaths/yr from chronic liver disease, including primary liver cancer Chronic carrier state exists
5-10% of infected become asymptomatic carriers

Hepatitis B

Sx/Sx
Within 2-3 months, gradually develop nonspecific Sx
Anorexia N/V, Fever Abdominal discomfort Joint pain, Fatigue Generalized rashes Dark urine, clay-colored stool May progress to jaundice

Hepatitis B

Treatment & Preventive care


Supportive care Prevention: BSI and Handwashing Vaccine available
protective immunity develops if HBV antigen disappears and HBV antibody is present in serum provide long lasting immunity, 95-98% of time

Hepatitis C

Transmission
Hepatitis C virus Primarily bloodborne Also sexual, perinatal

High risk populations


IV drug abusers Homosexually active males Dialysis patients Transfusion before 1992 Health care personnel Clotting factors before 1987 Multiple sex partners

Hepatitis C

Transmission from household/sexual contact low


Health care workers: up to 10% probability of infection when exposed to infected blood Chronic infection in >85% of cases Chronic liver disease in 70% of cases 8,000 to 10,000 deaths/yr from chronic liver disease (U.S.) Leading indication for liver transplantation

3.9 million Americans infected 2.7 million chronically

Hepatitis C

Sx/Sx
Same as Hepatitis B, less progression to jaundice possible association of Hepatitis C infection with liver cancer

Degree of postinfection immunity unknown High percentage of infected become carriers

Hepatitis C

Treatment & Preventive Care


Same as Hepatitis B BSI, handwashing Experimental treatment with alphainterferon shown effective in 20% of cases No recognized benefit from prophylactic IgG

Hepatitis D (Delta Virus)

Defective, requires HBV presence to replicate


Acquired as HBV coinfection or chronic HBV superinfection

Increases disease severity, fulminant hepatitis risk (2 to 20%) Increases chronic liver disease risk (70 to 80%)
When virus becomes active with HBV, resulting disease extremely pathogenic

Hepatitis D (Delta Virus)

Transmission similar to HBV Most cases transmitted percutaneously Coinfection can be prevented by HBV vaccine No products exist to prevent superinfections Sx/Sx
abrupt onset with Sx/Sx like HBV infection always associated with HBV infection

Treatment and Prevention similar to HBV


HBV vaccine indirectly prevents HDV

Hepatitis E

Major cause of enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis worldwide Transmission by fecal-oral route Person-to-person transmission uncommon Incubation: 15 to 60 days All U.S. cases have been travelers HBV vaccine has no effect on Hepatitis E
attention to potable water supply after flood waters

No commercially available diagnostic test in U.S.

Hepatitis

Safety
Obtain immunization (HBV, HAV) Wear gloves Wash hands Needle precautions Bag, label blood samples/contaminated linens Wash blood spills (even dried) with bleach solution Assess Personal behavior risks

Tuberculosis

Produced by bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Transmission
Inhalation Organism forms spores May contaminate air in closed spaces
prolonged exposure to active TB infected person direct infection through non-intact skin possible

Tuberculosis

10% of untreated infected persons develop active TB in 1 -2 years 90% have dormant infection (inactive) with risk of activation for life of host Initially affects respiratory system
if untreated, can spread to other organ systems

Incubation ~ 4 - 12 weeks
clinical manifestation ~ 6 - 12 months after infection

Tuberculosis

Infection
intial infection referred to as primary infection
usually has no outward manifestation may be outwardly manifested in elderly, young children and immunocompromised

cell-mediated immune response walls off bacteria (tubercle) and suppresses bacteria are dormant but can reactivate (secondary infection)

Tuberculosis

Signs and Symptoms


Cough (productive or non-productive) Purulent sputum Fever, low grade Night sweats Weight loss Fatigue Hemoptysis

Tuberculosis

Extrapulmonary infection of:


Cardiovascular
pericardial effusion

Skeletal
affects thoracic and lumbar spine discs and vertebral bodies

CNS
subacute meningitis, granulomas in brain

GI/GU
GI tract Peritoneum Liver

Tuberculosis

Treatment and Preventive Care


Very low communicability Identify high-risk patients and suspected active TB Mask patient (and you) if active TB suspected Routine TB testing of EMS personnel Exposure Follow-up
Skin test & Repeat Skin test INH prophylaxis routinely in < 35 years of age with positive PPD with caution > 35 in those at high risk SE: paresthesias, N/V, hepatitis

Post-incident disinfection

Tuberculosis

Treatment and Preventive Care


Long Term Treatment usually involves a combination of several drugs Isoniazid (INH) Rifampin Ethambutol Streptomycin Pyrazinamide Drug resistant TB may require several of these drugs simultaneously

Meningitis

Inflammation of meninges secondary to infection by bacteria, virus, or fungi Most immediately dangerous when caused by:
Neisseria meningitis Meningococcus

Meningitis

Colonizes throat. easily spread through respiratory secretions 2-10% of population probably carry meningococci at any one time but meninges not affected (carriers) Infants 6 mos - 2 yrs especially vulnerable Transmission
direct contact with respiratory secretions prolonged, direct contact with respiratory droplets from nose or throat of infected persons

Meningitis

Signs/Symptoms
Rapid onset Fever, Chills Joint pain, Nuchal rigidity Headache Nausea, vomiting Petechial rash progressing to large ecchymoses Delirium, seizures, shock, death

Meningitis

Safety
BSI
Avoid contact with respiratory secretions Breathing same air as patient does NOT create risk

Mask patient and yourself If close contact or exposure occurs:


Prophylactic Rifampin Others include minocycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and spiramycin

Meningitis

Safety
Wash hands frequently Air out vehicle Send linens to laundry Immunization
Vaccines available for some strains No current recommendations for routine vaccination for EMS personnel

Meningitis

Other sources
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Second most common cause in adults Most common cause of pneumonia in adults Most common cause of otitis media in children Spread by droplets, prolonged contact and contact with linen soiled with respiratory discharge

Meningitis

Other sources
Hemophilus influenza type B
Same mode of transmission as for N. meningitidis Before vaccine in 1981, leading cause of meningitis in children 6 mos - 3 yrs Also associated with pediatric epiglottitis, sepsis

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Kills T4 lymphocytes Interferes with immune system function Produces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

HIV

Transmission
Sexual intercourse (anal, vaginal, oral) Shared injection equipment Prenatal or perinatal Breast-feeding after birth No documented cases of transmission via saliva, tears, urine or bronchial secretions
virus has been found in these

HIV

Transmission
Risk of transmission by blood, blood products in U.S. is extremely low Some health care worker infections due to needlestick or blood splashes risk following direct and specific exposure to infected blood is estimated at 0.2-0.44% Only one case of patients being infected by a health care worker Reported but non-documented cases of paramedics infected

HIV

Epidemiology (worldwide)
34.3 million HIV infected
71% live in Sub-Saharan Africa 16% live in South/Southeast Asia

1% of the 15-49 age group infected


8.6% in Sub-Saharan Africa >10% in 16 African countries

HIV

Epidemiology (worldwide)
2.8 million deaths worldwide in 1999 18.8 million cumulative deaths

80% of cases have resulted from heterosexual intercourse

HIV

Epidemiology (U.S.)
900,000 infected (200,000 of these unaware) 733,374 cases of AIDS as of 12/31/99 430,411 deaths AIDS is the 5th leading cause of deaths in the U.S. for people ages 24 to 44

HIV New Male Infections (U.S.)

60%
25% 15%

Homosexual sex IV drugs Heterosexual sex

HIV New Male Infections (U.S.)

50% 30%

Black White Hispanic

20%

HIV New Female Infections (U.S.)

25%

75%

IV drugs Heterosexual sex

HIV New Female Infections (U.S.)

64%
18%

Black Whice Hispanic

18%

AIDS

Virus present in all body fluids, all body tissues Virus spread by:
Blood Semen Vaginal fluid Breast milk Other body fluids containing blood

Health care workers may be at risk from CSF, synovial fluid, and amniotic fluid

AIDS

Asymptomatic infection (1 to 10 years) About 50% of HIV-infected patients develop true AIDS within 10 years

AIDS

Acute Infection
Lasts 2 to 4 weeks Symptoms Fever Sore throat Lymphadenopathy

Seroconversion
Occurs at 6 to 12 weeks

AIDS

AIDS - related complex (ARC)


weight loss > 10% diarrhea for >1 month fever night sweats

AIDS

True AIDS = Life-threatening opportunistic infections


Pneumocystis carini Candida albicans Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Kaposis sarcoma

AIDS

Pneumocystis carini
Most common lifethreatening opportunistic infection Pneumonia Often leads to AIDS diagnosis

AIDS

Candida albicans
Yeast infection Called thrush in infants Can disseminate to GI tract, bloodstream

AIDS

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Retinitis, blindness Colitis Pneumonitis

AIDS

Kaposis sarcoma
Purple-brown, painless lesions May enlarge, coalesce, bleed Can affect internal organs

AIDS

Fungi
Aspergillosis pulmonary infection Cryptococcus meningitis, pulmonary infection, disseminated infection Histoplasma disseminated infection Coccidiomyces disseminated infection Penicillium disseminated infection

Viruses
Herpes simplex skin and visceral Herpes zoster skin, ophthalmic nerve, disseminated, visceral JC virus progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

AIDS

Parasites
Toxoplasma encephalitis Cryptosporidia Isospora Microspora Giardia

Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumonia Hemophilus influenza Nocarida asteroides Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rhodococcus equi Bartonella hanselae Salmonella Staphylococcus aureus Treponema pallidum

AIDS

Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis M. avium M. kansasii M. haemophilum M. gordonae M. genavense M. xenopi M. fortuitum M. malmonese M.chelonei

AIDS

AIDS Dementia Complex


Infection of CNS cells Cerebral atrophy Characterized by:
Cognitive dysfunction Declining motor performance Behavioral changes

AIDS

Safety
BSI Wash hands between patients Clean blood spills with bleach solution All sharp objects potentially infective Do NOT recap needles Wear mask to avoid exposing patient Pregnant paramedics should avoid contact with AIDS patients (risk of CMV exposure)

AIDS

Treatment
Support care No immunization available Post Exposure Prophylactic treatment
Recommended w/I 3 hours of significant exposure CDC recommendations
zidovudine lamivudine indinavir nelfinavir

AIDS
AIDS is NOT airborne AIDS in NOT transmissible by insects

Gonorrhea

Bacterium - Neisseria gonorrhea Infection of genital or rectal mucosa Ocular, oral infections may occur Transmission
direct contact with exudates of mucous membranes usually from unprotected sexual intercourse

Gonorrhea

May progress to:


Bacteremia Pericarditis Endocarditis Meningitis Perihepatitis

Gonorrhea

Signs/Symptoms
Males
Dysuria Mucopurulent urethral discharge Can progress to epidydymitis or prostatitis

Females
May be asymptomatic
dysuria and purulent vaginal discharge may occur

Lower abdominal pain Can progress to PID: fever, lower abd pain, abnormal menstrual bleeding

Gonorrhea

Females are at increased risk for


sterility ectopic pregnancy abscesses of fallopian tubes, ovaries or peritoneum peritonitis

Males & Females


septic arthritis can occur resulting in fever, pain, joint swelling, joint deterioration

Gonorrhea

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI Handwashing Antibiotics for treatment of infection No immunization available

Chlamydia

Bacterial trachomatis Most common STD in U.S. Transmission


Sexual contact Contact with exudates, including childbirth

Affects eyes, genital area and associated organs Estimated that up to 25% of men may be carriers

Chlamydia

Signs and Symptoms


Similar to gonorrhea Conjunctivitis (leading cause of preventable blindness in world) Infant pneumonia

May result in infertility

Chlamydia

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI Handwashing Antibiotics for treatment of infection No immunization available

Syphilis

Produced by spirochete - Treponema pallidum Transmitted by


Sexual contact From mother to fetus Direct contact with
exudates from moist, early, obvious or concealed lesions of skin and mucous membranes, or semen, blood, saliva, vaginal discharges blood transfusion or needlestick (low risk)

30% of exposures result in infection

Syphilis

Primary stage
Chancre At site of entry Painless ulcer Regional lymphadenopathy Lasts 4 to 8 weeks

Syphilis

Secondary stage
Bacteremia stage ~6 weeks after chance healed Skin lesions, rashes Fever, headache, nausea, malaise Begin at 6 to 12 weeks Peak at 3 to 4 months Lesions may reappear for up to 1 year

Syphilis

Latent stage
Begins at about 1 year May last from 3 years to rest of patients life Early latent phase: < 2 years Late latent phase: > 2 years 1/3 of untreated patients develop tertiary syphilis within 3 to 25 year; others remain asymptomatic 25% may relapse and secondary symptoms develop again

Syphilis

Tertiary stage
Lesions of skin, bone, viscera (gummas)
painless w/sharp borders bone w/deep, gnawing pain

Cardiovascular syphilis
10 yrs after 1 infection dissecting aneurysm

Neurosyphilis
meningitis loss of reflexes, pain mental deterioration

Syphilis

Treatment and Preventive Care


Avoid direct contact with skin lesions Patients are contagious in primary, secondary, possibly early latent stage Tertiary stage is not contagious

Herpes simplex

Types
Type I: Cold sores, fever blisters, Type II: Genital herpes

Usually affect:
oropharynx, face, lips skin, fingers, tops CNS in infants

Herpes simplex

Transmission
Saliva of carriers Infection on hands, fingers

Herpes simplex

Signs and Symptoms


Cold sores, fever blisters (lips, face, conjunctiva, oropharynx) Burning Tenderness Fever Lymphadenopathy Vesicular lesions Weep clear fluid, ulcerate

Treated with acyclovir (Zovirax)

Herpes simplex

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI consider mask Lesions are highly contagious Acyclovir (topical, IV or oral)

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes in female may transmit to infant at birth if open lesions present May be life threatening for infant

Genital Herpes

Caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 Affects tissues and structures associated with intimate contact with infected person Transmission
Usually through sexual activity

Genital Herpes

Signs and Symptoms


Males
lesions of the penis, anus, rectum and/or mouth depending on sexual practices Females lesions of the cervix, vulva, anus, rectum and mouth depending on sexual practices recurrent usually affects vulva, buttocks, legs, and perineal skin

Herpes simplex

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI Wash hands Launder linens well Acyclovir

Measles

Red measles, rubeola, hard measles Paramyxovirus Affects respiratory, CNS, pharynx, eyes, systemic Transmission
nasopharyngeal air droplets direct contact with secretions

Measles

Symptoms
begins with:
conjunctivitis, swelling of eyelids, photophobia, high fever, hacking cough, malaise

1 or 2 days before rash


small, red-based lesions with blue-white centers on buccal mucosa (Kopliks spots)

rash: red, maculopapular (slightly bumpy) spreading from forehead to face, neck torso and feet by the third day
usually lasts for 6 days

Measles

May progress to pneumonia, eye damage or myocarditis Most life-threatening is sclerosing encephalopathy
slowly progressing neurological disease with deteriorating mental capacity and coordination

Measles

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI, consider mask Handwashing Immunization (MMR)

Mumps

Paramyxovirus Affects salivary glands and CNS Transmisison


Respiratory droplets Direct contact with saliva 12-25 day incubation period

Mumps

Signs and Symptoms


Fever Swelling Tenderness of salivary glands

Mumps

Complications
Aseptic meningitis Orchitis Pancreatitis Deafness Death 15% 20-50% post-pubertal males 2-5% 1 in 20,000 1-3/10,000

Mumps

Treatment & Preventive Care


EMS personnel should have established MMR immunity BSI & Handwashing Apply surgical mask to patient MMR Immunization

Chicken Pox

Varicalla zoster virus Primarily affects skin Transmission


through droplets from mucous membranes direct contact with vesicle discharge

5,000 to 9,000 hospitalizations annually


100 deaths

Chicken Pox

Signs and Symptoms


begins with respiratory sx, malaise and low-grade fever Itchy rash with vesicular lesions that cover body
worse on trunk

More severe form in adults


May cause pneumonia, disseminated infection in adults

Chicken Pox

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI & Handwashing Isolation of children from public places until lesions are crusted and dry antivirals to lessen symptoms mostly in adults EMS workers w/o past exposure to chickenpox may consider chickenpox vaccine Varicella zoster immune globulin recommended if pregnant and with a substantial exposure

Scabies

Burrowing mites Affects skin Transmission


direct skin to skin contact sexual contact bedding in contact with infected person w/I past 24 hours

Scabies

Sx/Sx
Intense itching, especially at night Papules (bumps) with intense itching on hands, fingers, wrists, axillae, genitalia, medial thighs Males
lesions prominent around finger webs, anterior surfaces of wrists and elbows, armpits, belt line, thighs and external genitalia

Females
lesions prominent on nipples, abdomen, lower portion of buttocks

Scabies

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI when handling patient and bedding Treated with Kwell or other similar agents based on patient age No immunization

Lice

Blood sucking insects Types Head Body Pubic (crab) Itching, white specks (nits) on hair

Lice

Transmission
Head and Body lice direct contact with an infested person and objects used by them Body lice indirect contact with the personal belongings, especially shared clothing and headwear, of infested person Crab lice sexual contact with infested person Fever does not favor transmission; leave febrile hosts

Lice

Signs and Symptoms


itching location dependent upon infestation head lice
itching of hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, mustache and beards

body lice
infestation of clothing especially along seams of inner clothing surfaces

Lice

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI, Bag linen separately Insecticide in ambulance effective for lice and mites Personal treatment includes use of body/hair pediculicide repeated 7-10 days later

Tetanus

Clostridium tetani Affects musculoskeletal system Transmission


tetanus spores introduced into body through wounds or disruptions in skin introduction of soil, street dust, animal or human feces does not require significant wound to result in infection

Tetanus

Sx/Sx
Muscular tetany Painful contractions of masseter (lockjaw) and neck muscles; later, trunk muscles Abdominal rigidity often first sign in peds Facial contortion often noted (grotesque grinning) May lead to respiratory failure

Tetanus

Treatment and Preventive Care


Temporary, passive immunity from tetanus immune globulin or tetanus antitoxin usually administered at childhood as DPT Active tetanus immunization with a booster booster generally recommended every 10 years or following potential exposure booster recommended every 5 years for high risk persons like EMS personnel

Rabies

Lyssavirus Affects Nervous System Transmission


saliva containing virus transmitted after a bite or scratch from an infected animal transmission person-to-person possible but has never been documented Hawaii only area in US that is rabies free In US, wildlife rabies common in: skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, dogs, wolves, jackals, mongoose, and coyotes

Rabies

Sx/Sx
Onset usually by Sense of apprehension Headache Fever Malaise Progresses to weakness/paralysis, spasm of swallowing muscles (results in hydrophobia), delirium and convulsions W/O intervention, lasts 2-6 days Death usually from respiratory failure

Rabies

Treatment & Preventive Care


BSI Allow free bleeding and drainage Vigorously clean wound with soap and water Human Rabies immune globulin Tetanus prophylaxis Immunization with Human Diploid Cell Rabies vaccine or Rabies vaccine for higher risk persons animal care workers, animal shelter personnel

Infection Control Procedures

Pre-Response

Maintain personal health


Yearly general check-up Nutrition/Alcohol, Drug Use

Vaccination
DPT, MMR Varicella Hepatitis B, consider Hepatitis A Influenza

PPD test for TB every 6-12 months

Pre-Response

Work Area Restrictions


In areas where there is likelihood of exposure to blood or other infectious materials, do not eat, drink, apply cosmetics or lip balm, smoke, or handle contact lenses This includes the drivers compartment of the ambulance unless it is isolated from the patient compartment Protect these items from exposure while being stored in ambulance or on your person

Pre-Response

Dont go to work if you:


have diarrhea have a draining wound or wet lesion jaundice have mononucleosis have lice/scabies and have not been treated with a medication and/or shampoo have been taking antibiotics for less than 24 hours for a strep throat have a cold (wear a mask if you have to go to work)

During Response

Personal Protective Equipment


Gloves: whenever contact may occur with blood, other potentially infectious material, non-intact skin, mucous membranes Masks, goggles: whenever splashes, spray, splatter, or droplets of blood or other potentially infectious materials can be anticipated
TB masks: HEPA or N95 respirators

Caps, hoods, resistant shoe covers: whenever gross contamination can be anticipated

During Response

Needles
Contaminated sharps are not bent, recapped, removed, sheared, or broken Sharps are discarded in closeable, puncture-proof, leak-proof, labeled, color-coded containers

Post Response

Remove contaminated garments as soon as feasible Dispose of all disposable equipment in biohazard labeled receptacles Remove contaminated linens from vehicle, bag for laundering following agency procedures

Post Response

Wash Your Hands!!!

Post Response

Disinfect non-disposable equipment immediately


bactericidal against TB and hepatitis

Clean up all spills immediately Scrub, disinfect ambulance daily or as needed after response

Wear gloves during all clean-ups


Consider wearing mask

Post Response

Wash Your Hands Again!!!

Post-Exposure

Exposure Incident
any specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, parenteral contact with blood, blood products, or other potentially infectious materials

Reporting
should be reported quickly allows for immediate medical follow up and intervention as appropriate allows for evaluation of incident and implementation of changes to prevent future occurrences

Post-Exposure

Reporting
Ryan White act requires a designated person within organization for reporting Implements organizations Exposure Control Plan

Medical Evaluation
Employer must provide free medical evaluation and treatment to exposed employees includes counseling regarding risks, sx/sx, medication side effects, risk of developing disease

Post-Exposure

Evaluation
Often involves blood testing of exposed employee (baseline) PPD testing in case of TB Implement prophylactic regimens as appropriate after medical counseling Follow up and repeat testing

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