Asd Vs LRFD - Forwebsite

General Comparison between AISC LRFD and ASD
Hamid Zand
GT STRUDL Users Group Las Vegas, Nevada June 22-25, 2005
AISC ASD and LRFD

AISC = American Institute of Steel Construction ASD = Allowable Stress Design AISC Ninth Edition
LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design AISC Third Edition

2
AISC Steel Design Manuals

1963 AISC ASD 6th Edition 1969 AISC ASD 7th Edition 1978 AISC ASD 8th Edition 1989 AISC ASD 9th Edition
1986 AISC LRFD 1st Edition 1993 AISC LRFD 2nd Edition 1999 AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
3
ASD and LRFD Major Differences

Load Combinations and load factors ASD results are based on the stresses and LRFD results are based on the forces and moments capacity Static analysis is acceptable for ASD but nonlinear geometric analysis is required for LRFD Beams and flexural members Cb computation
4
ASD Load Combinations

1.0D + 1.0L 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75W 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E
D L W E
= = = =
dead load live load wind load earthquake load

5
ASD Load Combinations

Or you can use following load combinations with the parameter ALSTRINC to account for the 1/3 allowable increase for the wind and seismic load 1. 1.0D + 1.0L 2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W 3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E PARAMETER $ ALSTRINC based on the % increase ALSTRINC 33.333 LOADINGS 2 3
6
LRFD Load Combinations

D L W E
1.4D 1.2D + 1.6L 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L 1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L 0.9D (1.6W or 1.0E)
= = = = dead load live load wind load earthquake load
7
Deflection Load Combinations for ASD and LRFD

1.0D + 1.0L 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
D L W E
= = = =
dead load live load wind load earthquake load

8
Forces and Stresses

ASD = actual stress values are compared to the AISC allowable stress values
LRFD = actual forces and moments are compared to the AISC limiting forces and moments capacity
9
ASTM Steel Grade

Comparison is between Table 1 of the AISC ASD 9th Edition on Page 1-7 versus Table 2-1 of the AISC LRFD 3rd Edition on Page 2-24 A529 Gr. 42 of ASD, not available in LRFD A529 Gr. 50 and 55 are new in LRFD A441 not available in LRFD A572 Gr. 55 is new in LRFD A618 Gr. I, II, & III are new in LRFD A913 Gr. 50, 60, 65, & 70 are new in LRFD A992 (Fy = 50, Fu = 65) is new in LRFD (new standard) A847 is new in LRFD
10
Slenderness Ratio
Compression KL/r 200
Tension L/r 300
11
Tension Members
Check L/r ratio Check Tensile Strength based on the crosssections Gross Area Check Tensile Strength based on the crosssections Net Area
12
Tension Members
ASD ft = FX/Ag Ft ft = FX/Ae Ft LRFD Pu = FX Pu = FX = t Pn =
t Pn t Ag Fy t Ae Fu
t
Gross Area Net Area
= 0.9 for Gross Area = 0.75 for Net Area

13
Tension Members
ASD Gross Area Net Area LRFD Gross Area Net Area
(ASD Section D1)
Ft = 0.6Fy Ft = 0.5Fu
(LRFD Section D1)
= t Pn =
t Pn
t Fy Ag t Fu Ae
= 0.9 t = 0.75
t
14
Compare ASD to LRFD

ASD LRFD 1.0D + 1.0L 1.2D + 1.6L
0.6Fy (ASD) (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD) 0.5Fu (ASD) (1.5) = 0.75Fu (LRFD) ASD (1.5) = LRFD
15
Tension Members
FIXED JOINT
Y Z X o
-400.
16
Tension Members
Member is 15 feet long Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom Loadings are: Self weight 400 kips tension force at the free end Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes Steel grade is A992 Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
17
Tension Members
ASD W18x46 LRFD W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
18
Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
Tension Members
ASD W18x46 FX = 400.688 kips LRFD W10x49 FX = 640.881 kips Area = 13.5 in.2 Ratio = 0.989
Area = 14.4 in.2 Ratio = 0.989
19
Tension Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD 640.881 / 400.688 = 1.599 Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD LRFD = (1.5) ASD Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD
640.881 10 0.989 . Area for LRFD ! 135 v . v v ! 14.395 400.688 15 0.989 .
LRFD
W10x49
Area = 14.4 in.2

20
Tension Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and using W10x49
FX = 400.734 kips
Ratio = 0.928
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD 640.881 / 400.734 = 1.599
640.881 10 . LRFD Ratio computed from ASD ! 0.928 v v ! 0.989 400.734 15 .
LRFD
W10x49
Ratio = 0.989
21
Tension Members
ASD
Example # 1 Live Load = 400 kips W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
Example # 1 Live Load = 400 kips W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989 Example # 2 Dead Load = 200 kips Live Load = 200 kips W14x43 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989 Code check W14x43 based on the ASD9 W14x43 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 1.06
22
Compression Members
Check KL/r ratio Compute Flexural-Torsional Buckling and Equivalent (KL/r)e Find Maximum of KL/r and (KL/r)e Compute Qs and Qa based on the b/t and h/tw ratios Based on the KL/r ratio, compute allowable stress in ASD or limiting force in LRFD
23
Compression Members
ASD fa = FX/Ag Fa LRFD Pu = FX
c Pn
c Ag Fcr
Where
= 0.85
24
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

ASD
b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy
LRFD
b/t = 0.56 E / Fy h/tw = 149 E / Fy .
25

Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
b/t = 95 / Fy LRFD b/t = 95.36 / Fy h/tw = 253.74 / Fy
26
h/tw = 253 / Fy
Compression Members
ASD
KL/r C c KL / r 2 Fy Q 1 2 2Ccd Fa ! 3 3KL / r KL / r 5 3 3 8Cc d 8Ccd (ASD E2-1 or A-B5-11)
Where
2T 2 E Cc ! d QFy
LRFD
P c Q e 15 .
(LRFD A-E3-2)
QPc 2
Fcr ! Q 0.658
Where
KL Pc ! rT
Fy E
27
Compression Members
ASD
KL/r > C c (ASD E2-2)
Fa !
12T 2 E 23KL / r
2
Where
Cc ! d
2T 2 E QFy
LRFD
Pc Q " 15 .
0.877 Fcr ! 2 Fy Pc
Where
(LRFD A-E3-3)
KL Pc ! rT
Fy E
28
Compression Members
LRFD
0.877 Fcr ! 2 Fy Pc
0.877 Fcr ! KL Fy rT E Fy 2
Where
KL Pc ! rT
Fy E
Fcr !
0.877T 2 E
KL / r
20171T 2 E . Fcr ! 2 23 KL / r
29
Compression Members
ASD
Fa ! 12T 2 E 23KL / r
2
LRFD
Fcr ! 20171T 2 E . 23 KL / r
2
Fcr / Fa = 1.681 LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa 1.681

30
Compression Members
ASD
K y LY K z Lz KL KL / r ! r , r , r e y z
E KL !T Where r e Fe
(ASD C-E2-2)
LRFD
c
= Maximum of (
cy
cz
e)
31
Compression Members
LRFD
Where:
P cy !
K y Ly ry T
Fy E
K z Lz P cz ! rz T Pe ! Fy Fe
Fy E
32
Compression Members
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
T 2 EC 10 . w GJ Fe ! 2 K x L x I y Iz
33
Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c b / t 195 / Fy / k c Qs ! 1293 0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c .
kc ! 4.05
LRFD
h / t
0.46
if h / t " 70, otherwise k c ! 10 .
When 0.56 E / Fy
b / t 103 E / Fy .
Qs ! 1415 0.74(b / t ) Fy / E .
34
Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs ! 1293 0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c .
LRFD
When 95.36 / Fy b / t 175.4 / Fy Qs ! 1415 0.004345(b / t ) Fy .
35
Qs Computation
ASD
When b / t u 195 / Fy / k c
Qs ! 26200k c / Fy b / t
LRFD
When b / t u 103 E / Fy .
Qs ! 0.69 E / Fy b / t
A
36
Qs Computation
ASD
When b / t u 195 /
Fy / k c
Qs ! 26200k c / Fy b / t
LRFD
When b / t u 175.4 / Fy
Qs ! 20010 / Fy b / t
A
37
Qa Computation
ASD
253t 44.3 be ! 1 e b f (b / t ) f
LRFD
E 0.34 be ! 191t . 1 f (b / t )
E e b f
Assume E ! 29000 ksi ,
325.26t 57.9 be ! 1 f (b / t ) f
38
Compression Members
o -100.
Y Z X FIXED JOINT
39
Compression Members
Member is 15 feet long Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top Loadings are: Self weight 100 kips compression force at the free end Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes Steel grade is A992 Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
40
Compression Members
41
Compression Members
ASD W10x49 FX = 100.734 kips LRFD W10x54 FX = 160.967 kips Area = 14.4 in.2 Ratio = 0.941
Area = 15.8 in.2 Ratio = 0.944

42
Compression Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD 160.967 / 100.734 = 1.598 Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD LRFD Fcr = (1.681) ASD Fa Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD
Area for LRFD ! 14.4 v
. . 160.967 10 10 0.941 v v v ! 16.05 100.734 1681 0.85 0.944 .
LRFD
W10x54
Area = 15.8 inch

43
Compression Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and use W10x54
FX = 100.806 kips
Ratio = 0.845
160.967 10 . 10 . LRFD Ratio computed from ASD ! 0.845 v v v ! 0.944 100.806 1681 0.85 .
LRFD
W10x54
Ratio = 0.944
44
Compression Members
ASD Example # 1 Live Load = 100 kips W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941 LRFD Example # 1 Live Load = 100 kips W10x54 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944 Example # 2 Dead Load = 50 kips Live Load = 50 kips W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.921 Code check W10x49 based on the ASD9 W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941
45
Flexural Members
Based on the b/t and h/tw ratios determine the compactness of the cross-section Classify flexural members as Compact, Noncompact, or Slender When noncompact section in ASD, allowable stress Fb is computed based on the l/rt ratio. l is the laterally unbraced length of the compression flange. Also, Cb has to be computed When noncompact or slender section in LRFD, LTB, FLB, and WLB are checked LTB for noncompact or slender sections is computed using Lb and Cb. Lb is the laterally unbraced length of the compression flange
46
Flexural Members
ASD fb = MZ/SZ Fb LRFD Mu = MZ
b Mn
Where
= 0.9
47

ASD
b / t e 65 / Fy
d / t w e 640 / Fy
LRFD
b / t e 0.38 E / Fy
h / t w e 3.76 E / Fy
b / t e 64.7 / Fy
h / t w e 640.3 / Fy
48
Flexural Members Compact Section

ASD Fb = 0.66Fy LRFD
b Mn
(LRFD A-F1-1) (ASD F1-1)
b Mp
b Fy ZZ
1.5Fy SZ
Where
b
= 0.9
49
-15.00
FIXED JOINT Y Z X
-15.00
Braced at 1/3 Points

o
FIXED JOINT
50

Member is 12 feet long Fixed at both ends of the member Loadings are: Self weight 15 kips/ft uniform load Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes Steel grade is A992 Braced at the 1/3 Points Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
51

52

ASD W18x40 MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips LRFD W18x40 MZ = 3462.933 inch-kips Sz = 68.4 in.3 Ratio = 0.959
Zz = 78.4 in.3 Ratio = 0.982

53

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD 3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989 Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD LRFD = (0.66Sz)(1.5989) / (0.9Zz) ASD Zz for LRFD ! 68.4 v 3462.933 v 0.66 v 0.959 ! 78.3
2165.777 0.9 0.982
LRFD
W18x40
Zz = 78.4 in.3
54

Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips
Ratio = 0.959
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD ! 0.959 v
3462.933 0.66 68.4 v v ! 0.981 2165.777 0.9 78.4
LRFD
W18x40
Ratio = 0.982
55

ASD Example # 1 Live Load = 15 kips/ft W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959 LRFD Example # 1 Live Load = 15 kips/ft W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.982 Example # 2 Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.859 Code check W18x40 based on the ASD9 W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959
56
Flexural Members Noncompact Section

ASD
Based on b/t, d/tw and h/tw determine if the section is noncompact Compute Cb Compute Qs Based on the l/rt ratio, compute allowable stress Fb Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange (l) has a direct effect on the equations of the noncompact section
57

ASD fb = MZ/SZ Fb LRFD Mu = MZ
b Mn
Where
= 0.9
58

ASD
65 Fy b t e 95
Fy
Fy
d t w " 640
h t w e 760
Fb
LRFD
0.38 E Fy 3.76 E Fy b / t e 0.83 E FL h t w e 5.7 E Fy
59

ASD
65 Fy b t e 95
Fy
Fy
d t w " 640
h t w e 760
Fb
LRFD
64.7 / Fy 640.3 / Fy b / t e 1413 / FL . h t w e 970.7 / Fy
60

ASD
bf Fb ! Fy 0.79 0.002 2t f
76b f Lb " Lc ! minimum F y
Fy
20000 d A f Fy
(ASD F1-3)
If
or
(ASD F1-2)
ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.
61

ASD
When
102 v 10 3 Cb 510 v 10 3 Cb l e e Fy rT Fy
2 2 Fy l / rT Fy e 0.6 Fy Qs Fb ! 3 3 1530 v 10 Cb
(ASD F1-6)
62

ASD
When
510 v 10 3 Cb l u rT Fy
Fb !
170 v 10 3 Cb
l / rT
e 0.6 Fy Qs
(ASD F1-7)
63

ASD
For any value of l/rT
12 v 10 3 Cb Fb ! e 0.6 Fy Qs ld / A f
(ASD F1-8)
64

LRFD 1. 2. 3. LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling FLB, Flange Local Buckling WLB, Web Local Buckling
65

LRFD
LTB
Compute Cb Based on the Lb, compute limiting moment capacity. Lb is the lateral unbraced length of the compression flange, = Lb/ry Lb has a direct effect on the LTB equations for noncompact and slender sections Compute limiting moment capacity based on the b/t ratio of the flange, = b/t Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/tw ratio of the web, = h/tw
66
FLB
WLB

LRFD LTB For p < r
(Table A-F1.1)
P Pp (LRFD A-F1-2) M n ! Cb M p M p M r P P e M p r p Where: Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf Fr) or Fyw = Lb/ry
p
= 1.76 E Fyf
67

LRFD
Where:
r
LTB
(Table A-F1.1)
X1 1 1 X 2 FL2 = FL
EGJA 2
2
T X1 = Sz
C S X2 = 4 w z I y GJ
68

LRFD
For
p
FLB
<
r
(Table A-F1.1)
P Pp Mn ! M p M p Mr P P r p
(LRFD A-F1-3)
Where: Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz Mr = FLSz = b/t p = 0.38 E Fy r = 0.83 E FL FL = Smaller of (Fyf Fr) or Fyw
69

LRFD WLB For p < r
P Pp Mn ! M p M p Mr P P r p
(Table A-F1.1)
(LRFD A-F1-3)
Where: Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz Mr = Re Fy Sz Re = 1.0
for non-hybrid girder
70

LRFD WLB
= h/tw
p
(Table A-F1.1)
= 3.76 E Fy = 5.7 E Fy
71

ASD
Cb ! 175 105M 1 M 2 0.3M 1 M 2 e 2.3 . . M1 M2 If M max between M 1 and M 2 , Cb ! 10 .
2
LRFD
Cb ! 12.5 M max 2.5 M max 3 M A 4 M B 3 M C M A ! absolute value of moment at quarter point M B ! absolute value of moment at centerline M C ! absolute value of moment at three quarter point
72
-12.00
Pin
Y Z X
-12.00
Roller
73

Member is 12 feet long Pin at the start of the member Roller at the end of the member Cross-section is W12x65 Loadings are: Self weight 12 kips/ft uniform load Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes Steel grade is A992 Check code based on the ASD and LRFD codes
74

ASD W12x65 Cb = 1.0 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988 LRFD W12x65 Cb = 1.136 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971 Code check is controlled by FLB. Cb = 1.0 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.973
75

ASD Example # 1 Live Load = 12 kips/ft W12x65 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988 LRFD Example # 1 Live Load = 12 kips/ft W12x65 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971 Example # 2 Dead Load = 6 kips/ft Live Load = 6 kips/ft W12x65 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.85 Code check W12x65 based on the ASD9 W12x65 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
76
Design for Shear

ASD
h / t w e 380 Fy
(ASD F4-1)
fv = FY/Aw Fv = 0.4Fy LRFD

h / t w e 2.45 E / Fyw
vVn
Vu = FY
v0.6Fyw Aw
(LRFD F2-1)
Where
= 0.9
77
Design for Shear

Assume E = 29000 ksi ASD h / t w e 380 Fy fv = FY/Aw Fv = 0.4Fy LRFD
h / t w e 417.2 / Fyw
vVn
(ASD F4-1)
Vu = FY
v0.6Fyw Aw
(LRFD F2-1)
Where
= 0.9
78
Design for Shear

ASD
h / t w " 380 Fy
fv = FY/Ay Fv !
Fy 2.89
Cv e
0.4 Fy
(ASD F4-2)
LRFD
2.45 E / Fyw
h / t w e 3.07 E / Fyw
Vu = FY
vVn
2.45 E / Fyw v0.6 Fyw Aw h / tw
(LRFD F2-2) = 0.9
Where
79
Design for Shear

LRFD
3.07 E / Fyw
vVn
h / t w e 260
Vu = FY
4.52 E v Aw 2 h / t w
Where
(LRFD F2-3)
= 0.9
80
-15.00
Design for Shear
FIXED JOINT Y Z X
-15.00
Braced at 1/3 Points

o
FIXED JOINT
81
Design for Shear

Same as example # 3 which is used for design of flexural member with compact section Member is 12 feet long Fixed at both ends of the member Loadings are: Self weight 15 kips/ft uniform load Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes Steel grade is A992 Braced at the 1/3 Points Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
82
Design for Shear

ASD W18x40 LRFD W18x40
(Check shear at the end of the member, equation F4-1 Y)

(Check shear at the end of the member, equation A-F2-1 Y)
Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.948

83
Design for Shear

ASD W18x40 FY = 90.241 kips LRFD W18x40 FY = 144.289 kips Ay = 5.638 in.2 Ratio = 0.8
Ay = 5.638 in.2 Ratio = 0.948

84
Design for Shear

Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40 FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8 Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD 144.289 / 90.241 = 1.5989 Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD LRFD = (0.4)(1.5989) /(0.6)(0.9) ASD
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD ! 0.8 v
144.289 0.4 10 . v v ! 0.948 90.241 0.6 0.9
LRFD
W18x40
Ratio = 0.948
85
Design for Shear

ASD Example # 1 Live Load = 15 kips/ft W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8 LRFD Example # 1 Live Load = 15 kips/ft W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.948 Example # 2 Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.83 Code check W18x40 based on the ASD9 W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8
86
Combined Forces
ASD
fa /Fa > 0.15
Cmy f by fa Cmz f bz e 10 . Fa fa fa 1 Fby 1 Fez Fey f by fa f bz e 1.0 0.6 Fy Fby Fbz
(ASD H1-1)
(ASD H1-2)
LRFD
Pu / P n
0.2 (LRFD H1-1a)
Pu M uz 8 M uy J M J M e 1.0 JPn 9 b ny b nz
87
Combined Forces
ASD
fa /Fa 0.15
f by fa f bz e 1.0 Fa Fby Fbz
(ASD H1-1)
LRFD
Pu / Pn < 0.2
M uy Pu M uz J M J M e 10 . 2JPn b ny b nz
(LRFD H1-1a)
88
Combined Forces
Y Z X 89
Combined Forces
3D Simple Frame
3 Bays in X direction 2 Bays in Z direction 2 Floors in Y direction Self weight of the Steel Self weight of the Slab Other dead loads Live load on second floor Live load on roof Wind load in the X direction Wind load in the Z direction 3 @ 15 ft 2 @ 30 ft 2 @ 15 ft
Loadings
62.5 15.0 50.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 psf psf psf psf psf psf
90
Combined Forces ASD

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> < Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH > < > < Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE > < Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members > < > < Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members > < W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 > < W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 > < W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 > < W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 > < W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 > < W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 4 > < W8x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 > <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> < ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH > < > < TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS > < > < LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6566E+01 VOLUME = 1.6437E+05 > <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
91
Combined Forces LRFD

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> < Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH > < > < Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE > < Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members > < > < Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members > < W10x33 3.6000E+03 3.4956E+04 9.9030E+00 16 > < W10x39 1.4400E+03 1.6560E+04 4.6914E+00 4 > < W10x49 7.2000E+02 1.0368E+04 2.9373E+00 4 > < W12x45 1.4400E+03 1.9008E+04 5.3850E+00 4 > < W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 > < W8x31 1.4400E+03 1.3147E+04 3.7246E+00 4 > < W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 8 > < > <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
92
Combined Forces
ASD
WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
LRFD
93
Deflection Design ASD

94
Deflection Design LRFD

95
Deflection Design
ASD
LRFD
96
Compare Design without and with Deflection Design

ASD
Without Deflection Design With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.566 kips WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
LRFD
Without Deflection Design With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 33.874 kips WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
97
Design same example based on Cb = 1.0

Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 ASD
Compute Cb Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 46.933 kips WEIGHT = 51.752 kips
LRFD
Compute Cb Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 38.345 kips WEIGHT = 48.421 kips
98
Design Similar example based on Cb = 1.0 and LL5

Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live load by a factor of 5. Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one way Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft. ASD LRFD WEIGHT = 25.677 kips WEIGHT = 22.636 kips Difference = 3.041 kips
99
Design Similar example based on Cb = 1.0 and LL10

Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live load by a factor of 10. Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one way Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft. ASD LRFD WEIGHT = 31.022 kips WEIGHT = 29.051 kips Difference = 1.971 kips
100
Stiffness Analysis versus Nonlinear Analysis

Stiffness Analysis Load Combinations or Form Loads can be used. Nonlinear Analysis Form Loads must be used. Load Combinations are not valid. Nonlinear Analysis Specify type of Nonlinearity. Nonlinear Analysis Specify Maximum Number of Cycles. Nonlinear Analysis Specify Convergence Tolerance.
101
Nonlinear Analysis Commands

NONLINEAR EFFECT
TENSION ONLY COMPRESSION ONLY GEOMETRY AXIAL
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE NONLINEAR ANALYSIS

102
Design using Nonlinear Analysis Input File # 1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Geometry, Material Type, Properties, Loading SW, LL, and WL FORM LOAD A FROM SW 1.4 FORM LOAD B FROM SW 1.2 LL 1.6 FORM LOAD C FROM SW 1.2 WL 1.6 LL 0.5 FORM LOAD D FROM SW 0.9 WL 1.6 DEFINE PHYSICAL MEMBERS PARAMETERS MEMBER CONSTRAINTS LOAD LIST A B C D $ Activate only the FORM loads STIFFNESS ANALYSIS SAVE
103

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. RESTORE LOAD LIST A B C D SELECT MEMBERS SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS DELETE LOADINGS A B C D SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE FORM LOAD A FROM SW 1.4 FORM LOAD B FROM SW 1.2 LL 1.6 FORM LOAD C FROM SW 1.2 WL 1.6 LL 0.5 FORM LOAD D FROM SW 0.9 WL 1.6 LOAD LIST A B C D STIFFNESS ANALYSIS CHECK MEMBERS STEEL TAKE OFF SAVE
104

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. RESTORE LOAD LIST A B C D SELECT MEMBERS SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS DELETE LOADINGS A B C D SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE FORM LOAD A FROM SW 1.4 FORM LOAD B FROM SW 1.2 LL 1.6 FORM LOAD C FROM SW 1.2 WL 1.6 LL 0.5 FORM LOAD D FROM SW 0.9 WL 1.6
105
Design using Nonlinear Analysis Input File # 3 (continue)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. NONLINEAR EFFECT GEOMETRY ALL MEMBERS MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE DISPLACEMENT LOAD LIST A B C D NONLINEAR ANALYSIS CHECK MEMBERS STEEL TAKE OFF SAVE
106
General Comparison between AISC LRFD and ASD
Questions
107

Asd Vs LRFD - Forwebsite

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Asd Vs LRFD - Forwebsite

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General Comparison between AISC LRFD and ASD

AISC ASD and LRFD

LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design AISC Third Edition

AISC Steel Design Manuals

ASD and LRFD Major Differences

ASD Load Combinations

dead load live load wind load earthquake load

ASD Load Combinations

LRFD Load Combinations

Deflection Load Combinations for ASD and LRFD

dead load live load wind load earthquake load

Forces and Stresses

ASTM Steel Grade

Tension L/r 300

Gross Area Net Area

= 0.9 for Gross Area = 0.75 for Net Area

Compare ASD to LRFD

Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989

Area = 14.4 in.2 Ratio = 0.989

Area = 14.4 in.2

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Fcr / Fa = 1.681 LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa 1.681

if h / t " 70, otherwise k c ! 10 .

Assume E ! 29000 ksi ,

Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941

Area = 15.8 in.2 Ratio = 0.944

Area = 15.8 inch

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Flexural Members Compact Section

Flexural Members Compact Section

Braced at 1/3 Points

Flexural Members Compact Section

Flexural Members Compact Section

Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959

Flexural Members Compact Section

Zz = 78.4 in.3 Ratio = 0.982

Flexural Members Compact Section

Flexural Members Compact Section

Flexural Members Compact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Where: Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz Mr = Re Fy Sz Re = 1.0

for non-hybrid girder

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Flexural Members Noncompact Section

Cmy f by fa Cmz f bz e 10 . Fa fa fa 1 Fby 1 Fez Fey f by fa f bz e 1.0 0.6 Fy Fby Fbz

f by fa f bz e 1.0 Fa Fby Fbz