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An m v n rectangular matrix A is said to be a row echelon matrix, or simply an echelon matrix, if A has the following structure:
1. The first k rows, k u 0, are nonzero and all remaining rows, if any, are zero. 2. In the ith row (i = 1, 2, , k), the first nonzero element is equal to unity, the column in which it occurs being numbered ci. 3. c1 < c2 < c3 < .<ck.
0 0 A ! 0 0 0
1 a13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a14 0 0 0 0
a15 1 0 0 0
a16 a26 1 0 0
Any m v n rectangular matrix A can be reduced to chelon form by a series of elementary row operations. We now describe an algorithm for achieving the reduction.
As an example, let us apply the algorithm to reduce the following matrix A to echelon form.
A5v6
0 0 1 0 0.5 1 ! 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 1
2 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 3 2 2
0 0 As ! 0 0 0
Step 7 results in
1 0 0 0 0
4 2 4 1 2 4 1 0 5 3 4 3 2 1 2 3 7 4 6 2
1 0 As ! 3 3
2 4 1 5 3 4 2 1 2 7 4 6
1 2 4 1 0 5 3 4 As ! 0 8 13 5 0 13 16 9
Steps 7 results in
5 3 4 8 13 5 As ! 13 16 9
1 As ! 0 0
Step 7 results in
3 4 5 5 41 7 5 5 41 7 5 5
7 41 5 5 As ! 41 7 5 5
7 1 41 As ! 0 0
Step 7 results in
As ! 0
Fifth pass: The algorithm terminates at step 2. Finally, recording all the changes that have been made to the elements of A in our procedure, we obtain the desired echelon matrix: 2 4 0 1 2 4
Aech 0 ! 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 5 7 41 0
A specific example will illustrate the storage scheme best. Consider the matrix
3 4 2 8 A! 0 0 1 0 0 5
0 7 0 0 6 3 3 7 0 4
0 2 0 3 5
v v 0 v 0 v v 0 v Q ! 0 0 v v 0 v v v v 0 v 0 v v
Note that there are two fills indicated by in the previous equation. The initial contents of the three arrays are as follows:
DIAG(1) = 4, DIAG(2) = 8, DIAG(3) = 6, DIAG(4) = 7, DIAG(5) = 5, UPACK(1) = 3, UPACK(2) = 7, UPACK(3) = 0, UPACK(4) = -2, UPACK(5) = 3, UPACK(6) =- 3, LPACK(1) = 2 LPACK(2) = -1 LPACK(3) = 0 LPACK(4) = -5 LPACK(5) = 3 LPACK(6) = 4
Note that UPACK(3) and LPACK(3) are fills. They are initially given the value zero. Other elements of the arrays are initially taken from the A matrix.
UCOL( K ) ! m
UROWST (1) ! m
and
UROWST (3) ! 18
UROWST (1 1) ! m1
UROWST (4) ! 21
UROWST(1) = 1 UROWST(2) = 3 UROWST(3) = 5 UROWST(4) = 6 UROWST(5) = 7