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Definition: Echelon Matrix.

An m v n rectangular matrix A is said to be a row echelon matrix, or simply an echelon matrix, if A has the following structure:

1. The first k rows, k u 0, are nonzero and all remaining rows, if any, are zero. 2. In the ith row (i = 1, 2, , k), the first nonzero element is equal to unity, the column in which it occurs being numbered ci. 3. c1 < c2 < c3 < .<ck.

For example, the following matrix A is a row echelon matrix.

0 0 A ! 0 0 0

1 a13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a14 0 0 0 0

a15 1 0 0 0

a16 a26 1 0 0

a17 a27 a37 1 0

a18 a28 a38 a48 0

Any m v n rectangular matrix A can be reduced to chelon form by a series of elementary row operations. We now describe an algorithm for achieving the reduction.

As an example, let us apply the algorithm to reduce the following matrix A to echelon form.

A5v6

0 0  1 0 0.5 1 ! 0  1  2 3 0 0 0  1 1

2 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 3 2 2

First pass through the steps: Initially As = A. Steps 1-6 results in

0 0 As ! 0 0 0
Step 7 results in

1 0 0 0 0

4 2 4  1 2 4 1 0 5 3 4 3 2 1 2 3 7 4 6 2

 1 0 As ! 3 3

2 4 1 5 3 4 2 1 2 7 4 6

Second pass: Steps 2-6 result in

1  2  4  1 0 5 3 4 As ! 0 8 13 5 0 13 16 9
Steps 7 results in

5 3 4 8 13 5 As ! 13 16 9

Third pass: Steps 2-6 result in

1 As ! 0 0
Step 7 results in

3 4 5 5 41 7  5 5 41 7  5 5

7 41 5  5 As ! 41 7  5 5

Fourth pass: Steps 2-6 result in

7 1  41 As ! 0 0
Step 7 results in

As ! 0
Fifth pass: The algorithm terminates at step 2. Finally, recording all the changes that have been made to the elements of A in our procedure, we obtain the desired echelon matrix: 2 4 0 1 2 4
Aech 0 ! 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 5 7  41 0

A specific example will illustrate the storage scheme best. Consider the matrix

3 4 2 8 A! 0 0  1 0 0 5

0 7 0 0 6 3 3 7 0 4

0  2 0  3 5

We can easily determine the structure of Q.

v v 0 v 0 v v 0 v Q ! 0 0 v v 0 v v v v 0 v 0 v v

Note that there are two fills indicated by in the previous equation. The initial contents of the three arrays are as follows:
DIAG(1) = 4, DIAG(2) = 8, DIAG(3) = 6, DIAG(4) = 7, DIAG(5) = 5, UPACK(1) = 3, UPACK(2) = 7, UPACK(3) = 0, UPACK(4) = -2, UPACK(5) = 3, UPACK(6) =- 3, LPACK(1) = 2 LPACK(2) = -1 LPACK(3) = 0 LPACK(4) = -5 LPACK(5) = 3 LPACK(6) = 4

Note that UPACK(3) and LPACK(3) are fills. They are initially given the value zero. Other elements of the arrays are initially taken from the A matrix.

UCOL( K ) ! m

UROWST (1) ! m
and

UROWST (3) ! 18

UROWST (1  1) ! m1

UROWST (4) ! 21
UROWST(1) = 1 UROWST(2) = 3 UROWST(3) = 5 UROWST(4) = 6 UROWST(5) = 7

UCOL(1) = 2, UCOL(2) = 4, UCOL(3) = 4, UCOL(4) = 5, UCOL(5) = 4, UCOL(6) = 5,

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