The branchial apparatus consists of five branchial arches, four branchial grooves, four branchial pouches developing at the

region of pharynx. It constitutes to the development of head and neck. The arch no. 5 degenerates. So, we have 1,2,3,4 and 6 arches.

Nerve supply of the arches

Arch Maxillary process Mandibular process 2nd arch Main nerve Maxillary nerve Mandibular nerve Small nerve ------------------Chorda tympani of facial nerve Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve Internal laryngeal ---------------------------------------

Facial nerve (7th )

3rd arch 4th arch 6th arch

Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th ) External laryngeal nerve (11th ) Recurrent laryngeal nerve (11th )

I Mesodermal Derivatives
Arch Maxillary process Skeletal structures *Squamus part of temporal bone *zygomatic bone *Palatine bone *Maxilla *Dorsal part------ Malleus +Incus *Middle part----- Anterior ligament of malleus+ Sphenomandibular ligament *Ventral part---- Disappears (mandible devalops around it ) *Dorsal part------ Stapes + Styloid process *Middle part----- Stylohiod ligament *Ventral part----- Upper part of body of hyoid + lesser cornu of hyoid bone *Greater cornu + lower part of hyoid bone *Upper part of epiglottis *Upper part of thyroid cartilage *Lower part of epiglottis *Lower part of thyroid cartilage *Cricoid+ Arytenoid+ Corniculate+ cuneiform cartilage

Mandibular process (Mickels cartilage) 2nd arch (Reicherts cartilage) 3rd arch 4th arch 6th arch

Arch Maxillary process No

Muscles

Mandibular process *Four Muscles Of mastication (Mickels cartilage) *Tensor palati *Tensor tympeni *Mylohyoid *Anterior belly of digastric 2nd arch (Reicherts cartilage) 3rd arch 4th arch *Muscles of face, scalp and auricle *Posterior belly of digastric *Stapedius *Stylohyoid Platysma *Stylopharyngeus *Cricothyroid *Conistrictors of pharynx *Levator palati *Intrinsic muscles of Larynx except cricothyroid muscle

6th arch

Arch or Pouch 1st Pouch

Derivatives *Middle ear and mastoid antrum *Auditory tube and inner layer of tympanic membrane *Palatine tonsil

2nd Pouch

3rd Pouch

*Inferior parathyroid gland (Dorsal portion) *Thymus gland ( Ventral portion) *Superior parathyroid gland ( Dorsal portion) *Ultimobranchial Body (Ventral portion)

4th Pouch

Arch 1st Arch

Derivatives *Epidermis of the skin covering the mandible and maxilla, lower lip and lateral part of upper lip *Enamel of teeth *Tragus of the ear *External auditory meatus *Outer layer of tympanic membrane The caudal growth of the second arch Operculum Epidermis of the skin of the side of the neck They lie at the bottom of the cervical sinus and leave no traces

1st Cleft

Second Arch

3rd ,4th and 6th Arches

1-External cervical sinus: Due to failure of obliteration of the cervical sinus. 2-Internal cervical sinus: It open into the oropharynx. 3-Branchial cyst: Due to closure of the external opening leaving a space in the neck as a painless cyst. 4-Branchial fistula: A connection between the normal sinus and oropharynx forming a canal passing between the external and internal carotid arteries.

Prof.: Dr. Wafaa Abdel-Rahman