Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a developmental disorder.

. It is characterized primarily by "the co-existence of attentional problems and hyperactivity, with each behavior occurring infrequently alone" and symptoms starting before seven years of age.

 ADHD

is the most commonly studied and diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children, affecting about 3 to 5 percent of children globally and diagnosed in about 2 to 16 percent of school aged children.

It is a chronic disorder with 30 to 50 percent of those individuals diagnosed in childhood continuing to have symptoms into adulthood. Adolescents and adults with ADHD tend to develop coping mechanisms to compensate for some or all of their impairments. It is estimated that 4.7 percent of American adults live with ADHD.

 Standardized

rating scales such as WHO's Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale can be used for ADHD screening and assessment of the disorder's symptoms' severity.

 ADHD

is diagnosed two to four times more frequently in boys than in girls, though studies suggest this discrepancy may be partially due to subjective bias of referring teachers.] ADHD management usually involves some combination of medications, behavior modifications, lifestyle changes, and counseling

Its symptoms can be difficult to differentiate from other disorders, increasing the likelihood that the diagnosis of ADHD will be missed. In addition, most clinicians have not received formal training in the assessment and treatment of ADHD, in particular in adult patients.

 Predominantly

hyperactive-impulsive

Most symptoms (six or more) are in the hyperactivity-impulsivity categories. Fewer than six symptoms of inattention are present, although inattention may still be present to some degree.

 Predominantly

inattentive

The majority of symptoms (six or more) are in the inattention category and fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present, although hyperactivity-impulsivity may still be present to some degree. Children with this subtype are less likely to act out or have difficulties getting along with other children. They may sit quietly, but they are not paying attention to what they are doing. Therefore, the child may be overlooked, and parents and teachers may not notice symptoms of ADHD.

 Combined

hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive

Six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present. Most children with ADHD have the combined type.

Adolescence is a life stage characterized by comparison and doubt. Teens constantly evaluate their physical appearance, intelligence, popularity, and stylishness and wonder if they are "good enough." The development of healthy self-esteem requires that they get more "yes" answers to this question than not. If this fails to happen, a youngster may try to repair his or her negative self-image with ill thought-out behavior involving chemical substances and sexual relationships. Underachieving adolescents are at a particular high risk of engaging in these harmful coping mechanisms.

 For

an academic underachiever, quarterly report cards and parent conferences are concrete reminders of not being "good enough." Low or failing grades produce shame, frustration, helplessness, hopelessness, and peer group rejection. Feelings of competence may be irrevocably undermined

 For

the student with a learning disability or different learning style such feelings may be particularly acute. As early as elementary school, an undiagnosed learning disabled youth may dread going to school and develop physical illnesses in order to stay home.

 Research

shows that children and adolescents with learning disabilities tend to score higher on scales of anxiety and depression than their non-disabled counterparts. One study found that 20 to 30 percent of children with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) experience anxiety disorders and up to 75 percent experience depression.

 For

the youngster who feels shy and inadequate, having an alcohol "buzz" creates momentary self-esteem. Normal inhibitions are lowered, as are learned precautions.

Caregiver/ Care provider the traditional and most essential role functions as nurturer, comforter, provider mothering actions of the nurse provides direct care and promotes comfort of client activities involves knowledge and sensitivity to what matters and what is important to clients shows concern for client welfare and acceptance of the client as a person
1.

provides information and helps the client to learn or acquire new knowledge and technical skills encourages compliance with prescribed therapy. promotes healthy lifestyle interprets information to the client

 helps

client to recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems; to develop an improve interpersonal relationships and to promote personal growth

 provides

emotional, intellectual to and psychologic support focuses on helping a client to develop new attitudes, feelings and behaviors rather than promoting intellectual growth. encourages the client to look at alternative behaviors recognize the choices and develop a sense of control.