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Hookes Law
I W
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I W
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I23 W
23 13
I13 W
Disadvantages
Stress and strain are treated differently The norms of the three tensors are not preserved The entries in all three Voigt arrays are not tensoror vector components, thus we loose all advantages of tensor algebra
The Structure of Tensors 6
p = i Hij+(1-Hij)(9ij ) , q = k Hkl+ (1Hkl)(9kl ) Wp = (Hij+2(1Hij )) Wij , Iq = (Hkl+2(1Hkl)) Ikl , Cpq = (Hij+2(1 Hij )) (Hkl+2(1 Hkl)) cijkl ,
The Structure of Tensors 8
Even ten years ago, a conversion from one notation to another was not a trivial matter, and the 6561 multiplications needed for a transformation of the coordinate system might have taken up to a minute. Today a scientist is hardly ever without access to a computer, and the relevant routines can be freely exchanged. Most of the important operations give results instantly, i.e., with response times below two seconds. The current project will be completed with a Tensor Toolbox written as a Mathematica notebook. In Reader format it can be used on any computer without the program.
The Structure of Tensors 12
CK =
1 1 2 2 2
CV
Kelvin thus had produced the eigenvalue decomposition or the canonical representation of the stiffness tensor by its invariants.
The Structure of Tensors 15
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Nomenclature
I have called the eigenvalues eigenstiffnesses, and the eigenvectors eigenstrains. Why these special terms?
A similar eigenvalue problem exists for the inverse of Hookes Law. The resulting items are called eigencompliances and eigenstresses. The nature of the 6 eigenstrains is of great importance for many tasks, but not easily seen in an arbitrarily oriented coordinate system. If these details are important, the eigenstrain vectors are treated as 3v3 tensors and brought into invariant (canonical) form. The elements of these representations are called eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
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Kelvin form
The real part was invented in 1991, the imaginary part came from a different source.
Are these data consistent with our assumptions?
The Structure of Tensors 23
All eigenstiffnesses have a small imaginary part, but so have two components of each of three eigenstrains. What does that mean? Moreover, this matrix is not orthonormal !
The Structure of Tensors 24
Kelvin form
The changes are moderate, but now everything is consistent. Note: the shear stiffnesses have not changed at all. The sheareigenstiffnesses are equal to the corresponding shear stiffnesses (in Kelvin form)
The Structure of Tensors 25
Wave compatibility?
The term wave compatible sounds oddly out of place in a discussion that so far concerned only static aspects. Consider a homogeneous strain in an unbounded medium. Even an infinitesimal strain can lead to very large displacements at large distance from the reference point. Homogeneous strain in unbounded media cannot exist.
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All strains (as 6D-vectors) that are wave compatiblein a given coordinate direction
Six mutually orthogonal unit strains Note that each shear strain could travel in two directions! Of the two shear strains that can travel in 3-direction, one can also travel in 1-direction, the other also in 2-direction, etc.
The Structure of Tensors 32
The A, B,F are arbitrary positive numbers The black disks represent real numbers The tensor is stable by design
The Structure of Tensors 37
The matrix on the right is automatically in the coordinate system by the two shear planes and the symmetry planes and therefore has twelve not thirteen stiffnesses.
The Structure of Tensors 38
Orthotropy marks an important point: up to now we had just to add new planes to increase the symmetry. Also, the shape of the matrix has reached its final form. From now on, co-planar shear tensors and identical eigenstiffnesses will be needed to increase symmetry.
The Structure of Tensors 39
Estff 2c55 11 0 22 0 33 0 23 0 13 1 12 0
2c55 0 0 0 1 0 0
2c66 0 0 0 0 0 1
2c66 1 1 0 0 0 0
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Each of the two tensors is orthogonal to the other four. To be orthogonal to each other, we need C.D = 2 A.B
The Structure of Tensors 42
Overview of Eigensystems I
Eigensystems of monoclinic, orthotropic, and trigonal symmetry
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Overview of Eigensystems II
Eigensystems of tetragonal, TI, cubic, and isotropic symmetry
Capital letters: E plane shear; asterisk: d* isochoric strain Underlined: coplanar shear tensors
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